Immune checkpoint inhibitors in HCC: Cellular, molecular and systemic data
Uasim Harkus1, Miriam Wankell2, Pranavan Palamuthusingam3
1Townsville University Hospital, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia.
Seminars in Cancer Biology
|January 22, 2022
Summary
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment shows promise with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), but many patients lack benefit or experience worsening. This review explores HCC pathophysiology, ICIs, resistance, and strategies to improve outcomes.
Area of Science:
- Hepatology
- Oncology
- Immunology
Background:
- Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a major cause of cancer mortality with limited advanced treatment options.
- The tumor microenvironment's complexity suggests potential for immunotherapy, specifically immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs).
- ICIs have led to research breakthroughs and drug approvals for HCC.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review HCC pathophysiology and tumor microenvironment.
- To discuss clinical trials of ICIs in HCC.
- To explore resistance mechanisms and strategies to enhance ICI efficacy.
Main Methods:
- Literature review of HCC pathophysiology.
- Analysis of clinical trial data for ICIs in HCC.
- Synthesis of information on ICI resistance mechanisms.
Main Results:
- Some HCC patients benefit from ICIs, but many do not respond or show paradoxical progression.
- Understanding the tumor microenvironment is crucial for ICI efficacy.
- Various resistance mechanisms limit the effectiveness of ICIs in HCC.
Conclusions:
- Despite breakthroughs, significant challenges remain in optimizing ICI therapy for HCC.
- Further research into resistance mechanisms is essential for improving patient outcomes.
- Developing strategies to overcome resistance could enhance the benefits of immunotherapy for HCC patients.
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