Emerging mechanisms and dynamics of three-dimensional genome organisation at zygotic genome activation

The genome of an early embryo undergoes significant remodelling at the epigenetic, transcriptional, and structural levels. New technological developments have made it possible to study 3D genome organisation in the zygote and early embryo of many different species. Recent studies in human embryos, zebrafish, medaka, and Xenopus have revealed that, similar to previous results in mouse and Drosophila, the zygotic genome is unstructured prior to zygotic genome activation. While these studies show that topologically associating domains are established coincident with zygotic genome activation across species, other 3D genome structures have more varied timing. Here, we review recent studies examining the timing and mechanisms of establishment of 3D genome organisation in the early embryo, and discuss similarities and differences between species. Investigating the establishment of 3D chromatin conformation in early embryos has the potential to reveal novel mechanisms of 3D genome organisation.