Targeting GNAQ in hypothalamic nerve cells to regulate seasonal estrus in sheep

Kazakh sheep are typical seasonal estrus animals. Their reproductive system regulation mainly involves the complex regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis (HPGA), which is also closely related to reproductive hormone secretion. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), synthesized and secreted by the hypothalamus, is the key to controlling sheep reproductive activity. We studied how GNAQ (G protein subunit alpha q) regulates estrus in sheep by controlling GnRH expression and secretion. We used hypothalamic nerve cells as the research model. GNAQ overexpression and RNA interference vectors were constructed and transfected into the hypothalamic nerve cells of fetal Kazakh sheep. qPCR, western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect GNAQ gene expression in Kazakh ewe tissues and analyze its regulatory effect on GnRH expression in the hypothalamic nerve cells. The fetal sheep hypothalamic nerve cells were successfully isolated and cultured. qPCR and cell immunofluorescence showed that the purity of positive cells was >95%. The tissue expression profile showed that there were different degrees of GNAQ gene expression in the Kazakh ewe tissue. Expression levels were relatively higher in the hypothalamus, pituitary, brain, and uterine tissues. When GNAQ expression was downregulated in the hypothalamic nerve cells, the upstream genes KISS1 (kisspeptin), GPR54 (KISS1 receptor), and ER (estrogen receptor) were all upregulated, as were the downstream genes PLCB1 (phospholipase C beta 1), PRKCB (protein kinase C beta), and GNRH. At the same time, GnRH secretion levels were also upregulated. GNAQ regulated its downstream gene PLCB1 in the hypothalamic nerve cells, and directly regulated GnRH expression and secretion through the calcium and PRKC signaling pathways. GNAQ also regulated kisspeptin expression, subsequently regulating GnRH expression and secretion indirectly through the kisspeptin-GPR54 signaling pathway. Our results are of great importance for improving the reproductive performance of seasonal-estrus sheep.