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Updated: Oct 5, 2025

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Hyperglycemia Induces Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.

Yuli Guo1, Houjian Zhang1, Zhongyang Zhao1

  • 1Eye Institute of Xiamen University, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.

Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science
|January 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Diabetes can cause Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). This study found that activating AMPK may be a potential treatment for diabetic MGD, as shown in a rat model.

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Endocrinology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Diabetes mellitus is associated with ocular surface abnormalities, including Meibomian gland (MG) dysfunction.
  • Diabetic patients often experience compromised tear film stability and MG disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the pathological changes in Meibomian glands (MG) caused by diabetes using a rat model.
  • To explore the molecular mechanisms underlying diabetes-induced MG pathology.

Main Methods:

  • A diabetic rat model was established using streptozotocin (STZ) injection.
  • Meibomian gland pathology was assessed through lipid accumulation, cell proliferation/apoptosis assays, inflammatory marker analysis, signaling pathway activation (ERK, NF-κB, AMPK), oxidative stress evaluation, and mitochondrial structure/function analysis.
  • The effect of metformin treatment on diabetic Meibomian gland dysfunction was evaluated.

Main Results:

  • Diabetic rats exhibited MG acini dropout, inflammatory cell infiltration, and increased inflammatory factors and adhesion molecules after 4 months.
  • Activated ERK and NF-κB signaling pathways and evident oxidative stress were observed in the MG of diabetic rats.
  • Downregulated phospho-AMPK in MG was observed in diabetic rats, which was reversed by metformin treatment, along with alleviated inflammation and oxidative stress and maintained MG morphology.

Conclusions:

  • Long-term diabetes can lead to Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD).
  • AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) may serve as a therapeutic target for managing diabetes-induced MGD.