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Related Concept Videos

Motivational Bias01:25

Motivational Bias

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Cognitive bias results from limitations in thinking and information processing, leading to systematic errors in judgment. Conversely, motivational bias stems from personal desires or emotions, causing distortions in perception to align with self-interest. Motivational bias influences how individuals perceive and attribute causes to events, often shaped by personal needs, goals, and self-esteem preservation. This bias can distort judgment, leading to inaccurate assessments of success, failure,...
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Perception is influenced by perceptual set, context, motivation, and emotion. Perceptual set, or perceptual expectancy, refers to the tendency to perceive things in a particular way, influenced by previous experiences and expectations. This phenomenon affects the interpretation of stimuli, creating a set of mental tendencies and assumptions that impact sensory perceptions of sound, taste, touch, and sight.
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Incentive Theory: Pull Theory of Motivation01:18

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Incentive theory, or the "pull theory" of motivation, suggests that external rewards primarily drive behavior. Individuals are motivated to engage in activities when they anticipate a desirable outcome. This is why people often work hard for promotions or study intensively to achieve high grades. These incentives can be tangible, physical rewards such as money or promotions, or intangible, non-physical rewards like praise and social recognition.
The theory differentiates between...
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Subliminal Perception01:15

Subliminal Perception

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Subliminal perception refers to the processing of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. Researchers study subliminal perception by presenting a stimulus, such as a word or image, very quickly, typically around 50 milliseconds. This rapid presentation is often followed by another stimulus, such as a pattern of dots or lines, which blocks further mental processing of the initial stimulus. As a result, if participants cannot identify the initial stimulus better...
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Information is everywhere and its presentation—such as how and when items are presented—can impact our perceptions and decisions surrounding the info. This broad concept umbrellas framing effects—influences that occur due to the way information is framed in its appearance, whether it’s purely the order or the specific wording of a message. Let’s take a look at numerous ways in which two versions of something can objectively say the same thing, yet we respond in...
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Drive-Reduction Theory: Push Theory of Motivation01:27

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Clark Hull's drive-reduction theory, introduced in the 1940s and 1950s and often termed the "push theory" of motivation, provides a framework for understanding how biological and learned drives influence behavior. Hull suggested that motivation originates from the need to alleviate physiological tension caused by unmet biological necessities. The theory proposes that when a basic need, such as hunger or sleep, goes unfulfilled, it creates an internal imbalance. This imbalance, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Measuring Attention and Visual Processing Speed by Model-based Analysis of Temporal-order Judgments
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Motivational salience, not valence, modulates time perception.

Rashmi Gupta1

  • 1Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience Laboratory.

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)
|January 24, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Motivational salience, not value, influences subjective time perception. Highly predictable outcomes, regardless of gain or loss, lead to an expanded perception of time, suggesting attention

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Decision Science

Background:

  • Cognitive processes like attention and memory are modulated by motivational salience (outcome predictability) and value (gain/loss).
  • The impact of motivational salience versus value on subjective time perception remains underexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether motivational salience or value primarily influences subjective time perception.
  • To determine if high predictability of outcomes, irrespective of their valence, alters time perception.

Main Methods:

  • A two-phase study involving a value learning task where neutral faces were associated with varying levels of motivational salience (high/low) and value (gain/loss).
  • Participants then performed a duration discrimination task, assessing oddball stimuli (faces with learned associations) against standard stimuli.

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  • Stimulus durations varied, and participants judged if the oddball was longer or shorter than the standard.

    • Main Results:

    • Oddball stimuli associated with high motivational salience (80% predictability of gain or loss) were perceived as lasting longer than those with low motivational salience (20% predictability).
    • This effect occurred regardless of whether the outcome was a gain or a loss, highlighting the role of predictability.

    Conclusions:

    • Motivational salience, specifically outcome predictability, significantly influences subjective time perception.
    • This finding supports theories suggesting that motivational factors, rather than pure value, drive cognitive engagement and alter temporal experience.
    • Attention is proposed as a key mechanism mediating the expansion of subjective time in response to high motivational salience.