[Emission Characteristics, Transformation Mechanism, and Reduction Potential of Ammonia Emissions from a Crop...

To study the characteristics and reduction potential of the ammonia emissions of a crop rotation system in the Yangtze River Delta, we monitored and compared the ammonia fluxes from two rotation systems:a conventional rice/winter wheat rotation system and a rice-shrimp cultivation/Chinese milk vetch rotation system. This study was conducted through closing chamber methods to investigate the influencing factors and transformation mechanism of ammonium emissions between the two studied cultivation patterns. Additionally, we established the temporal-spatial emission inventory by sorting out the local ammonia emission factors of farmland in the Yangtze River Delta in the last ten years. The emission reduction effects under different ammonia emission reduction paths were also obtained. The results showed that, the cumulative amount of ammonia emissions throughout the whole monitoring year for the conventional rice/winter wheat rotation system (CR-W) and the rice-shrimp cultivation/Chinese milk vetch rotation system (RS-C) were 65.95 and 20.31 kg·hm^-2, respectively, whereas the ammonia loss rates of CR-W and RS-C were 10.86% and 9.20%, respectively. Field surface water NH₄⁺-N, field surface water pH, and topsoil NH₄⁺-N were the major internal factors of ammonia emissions from paddy fields, whereas topsoil NH₄⁺-N and atmospheric temperature had an important impact on ammonia emissions in the wheat season. The ammonia flux/field NH₄⁺-N ratio (ARN) of field surface water under the CR and RS modes in the rice season reached 0.35±0.27 and 0.14±0.19, respectively, which was 10-25 times that of topsoil in the wheat season, such that the ammonia emission flux in the rice season was significantly higher than that in the wheat season. Under the conditions of high field water pH (8.0-9.0), atmospheric temperature (>28℃), and wind speed (>5.0 m·s^-1), the ammonia flux/field NH₄⁺-N ratios (ARN) were around 1.6-4.6 times that under low pH, temperature, and wind speed conditions, indicating that those three factors were the main factors affecting the conversion of NH₄⁺-N from farmland to atmospheric NH₃. Fertilization types also had significant effects on ARN; under different conditions, the ARN of urea was 1.5-5.5 times that of organic fertilizer. In 2019, the ammonia emission flux of rice and wheat under a conventional planting pattern in the Yangtze River Delta were (49.2±17.6) kg·hm^-2 and (16.0±13.5) kg·hm^-2, respectively, whereas the ammonia loss rates of rice and wheat were (20.1±5.7)% and (5.9±3.6)%, respectively. The ammonia emission loss rate of the former was about three times that of the latter. The ammonia emission inventory built by local factors shows that the total ammonia emissions of the farmland rotation system in the Yangtze River Delta reached (400.3±206.4) kt in 2019, which was mainly concentrated in the central and northern regions of Anhui province and Jiangsu province, and the ammonia emission intensity reached (1.33±1.39) t·km^-2. The selection of different emission factors had a relatively large impact on the change range of the inventory results, reaching the standard of -51.6%~51.6%. Through combing and analyzing the six main paths of ammonia emission reduction in farmland, it was found that nitrogen fertilizer synergism was the best way to reduce ammonia emissions, with the efficiency of (30.9±51.4)%; however, the grain yield increase rate was (-4.2±17.4)%, with great uncertainty. The ammonia emission reduction effect of adding soil additives was relatively poor (-5.4±45.1)%; however, the grain yield increase rate was the highest among those of the six emission reduction paths, reaching (6.8±23.9)%. The ammonia emission reduction effect and grain yield increase rate of the ecological planting and breeding mode were (22.3±15.1)% and (5.6±3.8)%, respectively, which had the advantages of reducing ammonia emissions and increasing crop yield.