Engineering tumor stromal mechanics for improved T cell therapy

Adoptive cellular therapies (ACT), including the engineered T cell receptor (TCR) therapy and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T Cell Therapy, are currently at the forefront of cancer immunotherapy. However, their efficacy for the treatment of solid tumors has not been confirmed. The fibrotic stroma surrounding the solid tumor has been suggested as the main barrier in the disarmament and suppression of the engineered T cells. In this review, we will discuss the recent findings on the mechanism of T cell suppression by the tumor stroma with a special emphasis on the effect of stromal mechanics. We will also discuss the engineering approaches used to dissect the mechanism of the T cell suppression by the stromal mechanical factors. Finally, we will provide a future outlook on the strategies to improve the efficacy of T cell therapy through altering the tumor stromal fibrosis.