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Related Concept Videos

Replication in Eukaryotes01:29

Replication in Eukaryotes

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In eukaryotic cells, DNA replication is highly conserved and tightly regulated. Multiple linear chromosomes must be duplicated with high fidelity before cell division, so there are many proteins that fulfill specialized roles in the replication process. Replication occurs in three phases: initiation, elongation, and termination, and ends with two complete sets of chromosomes in the nucleus.
Many Proteins Orchestrate Replication at the Origin
Eukaryotic replication follows many of the same...
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Chromosome Structure02:40

Chromosome Structure

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A functional eukaryotic chromosome must contain three elements: a centromere, telomeres, and numerous origins of replication.
The centromere is a DNA sequence that links sister chromatids. This is also where kinetochores, protein complexes to which spindle microtubules attach, are constructed after the chromosome is replicated. The kinetochores allow the spindle microtubules to move the chromosomes within the cell during cell division.
Telomeres consist of non-coding repetitive nucleotide...
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Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes00:58

Genomic DNA in Eukaryotes

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Eukaryotes have large genomes compared to prokaryotes. To fit their genomes into a cell, eukaryotic DNA is packaged extraordinarily tightly inside the nucleus. To achieve this, DNA is tightly wound around proteins called histones, which are packaged into nucleosomes that are joined by linker DNA and coil into chromatin fibers. Additional fibrous proteins further compact the chromatin, which is recognizable as chromosomes during certain phases of cell division.
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Duplication of Chromatin Structure02:05

Duplication of Chromatin Structure

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The process of chromosome duplication during cell division requires genome-wide disruption and re-assembly of chromatin. The chromatin structure must be accurately inherited, reassembled, and maintained in the daughter cells to ensure lineage propagation.
The basic unit of the chromatin is the nucleosome, consisting of DNA wrapped around octameric histone proteins and short stretches of linker DNA separating individual nucleosomes. The histone proteins within the nucleosome have their...
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Lampbrush Chromosomes01:51

Lampbrush Chromosomes

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In 1882, Flemming observed lampbrush chromosomes (LBC) in salamander eggs. Later in 1892, Rückert observed LBCs in shark egg cells and coined the term "lampbrush chromosomes" because they looked like brushes used to clean kerosene lamps.
LBCs are made up of two pairs of conjugating homologous chromatids. Each chromatid consists of alternatively positioned regions of condensed-inactive chromatin and loosely placed-active side loops, which can be contracted and extended. The loops...
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Condensins02:15

Condensins

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Condensins are large protein complexes that use ATP to fuel the assembly of chromosomes during mitosis. They transform the tangled, shapeless mass of post-interphase DNA into individualized chromosomes by compacting, organizing, and segregating chromosomal DNA.
The plant and animal cells contain two types of condensin complexes—condensin I and condensin II. Both complexes have five subunits: two SMC (Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes) subunits, a kleisin subunit, and two HEAT-repeat...
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Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells
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Genome-wide Purification of Extrachromosomal Circular DNA from Eukaryotic Cells

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Extrachromosomal Circular DNA (eccDNA): From Chaos to Function.

Shanru Zuo1,2, Yihu Yi3, Chen Wang4

  • 1Department of Pharmacy, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.

Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology
|January 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) are diverse DNA molecules found in cells. Recent advances show eccDNA significantly impacts cancer by influencing gene expression and cellular processes, though its exact functions require further study.

Keywords:
biogenesisbiomarkercancercirculomeeccDNA

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research

Background:

  • Extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) are DNA molecules separate from chromosomes, exhibiting significant heterogeneity.
  • Found in both normal and cancerous cells, eccDNA has been implicated in aging, drug resistance, and tumorigenesis.
  • The precise functional roles of eccDNA, particularly in cancer, are still under investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the characteristics, formation, and functions of eccDNA.
  • To highlight the emerging roles of eccDNA in cancer biology.
  • To discuss current research methodologies and future perspectives on eccDNA.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on eccDNA.
  • Analysis of recent technological advancements in eccDNA research.
  • Synthesis of data on eccDNA features, biogenesis, and functions.

Main Results:

  • EccDNA exhibits substantial heterogeneity in sequence, length, and origin.
  • Technological progress has revealed critical roles for eccDNA in cancer, including oncogene regulation and immune response.
  • EccDNA influences chromosome accessibility, genome replication, and intercellular communication in cancer cells.

Conclusions:

  • EccDNA is a significant factor in cancer development and progression.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the functional relevance and evolution of eccDNA.
  • Understanding eccDNA mechanisms may offer new avenues for cancer therapy.