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Related Concept Videos

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

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Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
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Biological macromolecules are organic compounds, predominantly composed of carbon atoms. The carbon atoms are covalently bonded with hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and other minor elements. There are four major biological macromolecule classes: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Cooperative allosteric transitions can occur in multimeric proteins, where each subunit of the protein has its own ligand-binding site. When a ligand binds to any of these subunits, it triggers a conformational change that affects the binding sites in the other subunits; this can change the affinity of the other sites for their respective ligands. The ability of the protein to change the shape of its binding site is attributed to the presence of a mix of flexible and stable segments in the...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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OaAEP1-Mediated Enzymatic Synthesis and Immobilization of Polymerized Protein for Single-Molecule Force Spectroscopy
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Designed protein multimerization and polymerization for functionalization of proteins.

Dani Permana1,2, Herlian Eriska Putra3, Djaenudin Djaenudin3

  • 1Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan. dani008@brin.go.id.

Biotechnology Letters
|January 27, 2022
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Summary

This review explores creating multimeric and polymeric proteins using genetic engineering and post-translational modifications. It highlights enzymatic crosslinking and novel strategies for protein polymer formation and applications.

Keywords:
Crosslinking reactionProtein functionalizationProtein polymerizationProtein polymersSelf-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Protein Engineering
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Multimeric and polymeric proteins are large biomacromolecules formed from multiple protein units.
  • Genetic and post-translational modifications (PTMs) are key strategies for their design.
  • Existing methods include self-assembly and crosslinking for polymeric proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novel strategies for preparing multimeric proteins via genetic modification and self-assembly.
  • To describe protein polymer formation using enzymatic crosslinking, non-natural amino acids, and protein-peptide interactions.
  • To discuss potential applications of engineered protein polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Genetic modification for multimeric protein construction.
  • Self-assembly and enzymatic/chemical crosslinking for protein polymer synthesis.
  • Utilizing protein-peptide interactions (e.g., SpyCatcher/SpyTag) for controlled polymerization.

Main Results:

  • Enzymatic crosslinking offers site-specificity and preserves protein functionality for polymer formation.
  • Novel strategies enable the creation of complex protein polymers.
  • A range of methods are available for designing protein polymers with specific properties.

Conclusions:

  • Engineered protein polymers present diverse and promising applications.
  • Enzymatic catalysis is crucial for efficient and specific protein polymerization.
  • Further research into these strategies will expand the utility of protein-based materials.