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Related Concept Videos

Bacterial RNA Polymerase00:43

Bacterial RNA Polymerase

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Unlike eukaryotes, bacteria use a single RNA Polymerase (RNAP) to transcribe all genes. The different subunits of bacterial RNAPhave distinct functions. The multisubunit structure of the bacterial RNAP helps the enzyme to maintain catalytic function, facilitate assembly, interact with DNA and RNA, and self-regulate its activity.
In most genes, the transcription site is a single base present upstream of the coding sequence. Though RNAP is a catalytically efficient enzyme, it does not recognize...
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Ribozymes02:47

Ribozymes

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The term ribozyme is used for RNA that can act as an enzyme. Ribozymes are mainly found in selected viruses, bacteria, plant organelles, and lower eukaryotes. Ribozymes were first discovered in 1982 when Tom Cech’s laboratory observed Group I introns acting as enzymes. This was shortly followed by the discovery of another ribozyme, Ribonulcease P, by Sid Altman’s laboratory. Both Cech and Altman received the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 1989 for their work on ribozymes.
Ribozymes can...
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Protein Import into the Peroxisomes01:27

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Cells contain membrane-bound organelles called peroxisomes that oxidize organic molecules by transferring hydrogen atoms to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide. Peroxisomes enzymatically convert the released hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen.
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
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Ribosomal RNA Synthesis02:53

Ribosomal RNA Synthesis

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Ribosome synthesis is a highly complex and coordinated process involving more than 200 assembly factors. The synthesis and processing of ribosomal components occurs not only in the nucleolus but also in the nucleoplasm and the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.
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Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum01:34

Directing Proteins to the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

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The organelle-specific signaling sequences direct proteins synthesized in the cytosol to their final destination like ER, mitochondria, peroxisomes, etc. Some of the proteins directed to ER are then trafficked via vesicles to other organelles within the cell or the extracellular environment through the Golgi complex. For example, the rough ER synthesizes soluble proteins for transportation to the lysosomes or secretion out of the cell. It can also synthesize transmembrane proteins that can...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Monitoring Equilibrium Changes in RNA Structure by 'Peroxidative' and 'Oxidative' Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting
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Monitoring Equilibrium Changes in RNA Structure by 'Peroxidative' and 'Oxidative' Hydroxyl Radical Footprinting

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A Peroxide-Responding sRNA Evolved from a Peroxidase mRNA.

Madeline C Krieger1,2, H Auguste Dutcher1,3, Andrew J Ashford1,4

  • 1Department of Biology, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|January 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

New bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs) often originate from protein-coding genes and integrate into existing regulatory networks. This study reveals a recent origin for most sRNAs, impacting bacterial environmental responses.

Keywords:
OxyROxySperoxidaseperoxidesRNAsRNA evolution

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Area of Science:

  • Bacterial genetics and gene regulation
  • Molecular evolution of regulatory elements
  • Genomics and bioinformatics

Background:

  • Small RNAs (sRNAs) are crucial for bacterial gene regulation and environmental adaptation.
  • The evolutionary origin and integration of sRNAs into regulatory networks remain poorly understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the origin and evolutionary dynamics of bacterial small RNAs (sRNAs).
  • To understand how newly evolved sRNAs integrate into existing regulatory networks.
  • To explore the potential of protein-coding genes as a source for novel sRNAs.

Main Methods:

  • Covariance modeling-based comparative genomics approach.
  • Analysis of hundreds of sRNAs across over a thousand Enterobacterales genomes.
  • Detailed case study of the peroxide-responsive OxyS sRNA evolution.

Main Results:

  • A majority of analyzed sRNAs appear to have originated recently in evolutionary history.
  • Protein-coding genes were identified as a significant source for the emergence of new sRNAs.
  • The peroxide-responsive OxyS sRNA evolved from a fragment of a peroxidase mRNA, retaining its ancestral regulatory function.

Conclusions:

  • Bacterial sRNAs frequently arise from protein-coding genes and are inherently integrated into their parental gene's regulatory network.
  • This mechanism provides a framework for understanding sRNA evolution and their role in coordinating bacterial responses.
  • The findings offer new insights into the dynamic nature of bacterial regulatory systems.