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Related Concept Videos

Gastrulation01:56

Gastrulation

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Gastrulation establishes the three primary tissues of an embryo: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. This developmental process relies on a series of intricate cellular movements, which in humans transforms a flat, “bilaminar disc” composed of two cell sheets into a three-tiered structure. In the resulting embryo, the endoderm serves as the bottom layer, and stacked directly above it is the intermediate mesoderm, and then the uppermost ectoderm. Respectively, these tissue strata...
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Neurulation01:30

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Neurulation is the embryological process which forms the precursors of the central nervous system and occurs after gastrulation has established the three primary cell layers of the embryo: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. In humans, the majority of this system is formed via primary neurulation, in which the central portion of the ectoderm—originally appearing as a flat sheet of cells—folds upwards and inwards, sealing off to form a hollow neural tube. As development proceeds, the...
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Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation01:10

Zygotic Development And Stem Cell Formation

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The development of all multicellular organisms starts with the fusion of haploid cells called sperm and egg to form a diploid zygote. A zygote is a totipotent cell that can develop into a complete organism. The zygote undergoes cell division or cleavage to form an 8-cell mass. Until this stage, the cells are spherical, loosely attached, and remain totipotent. Totipotent cells are capable of developing both the embryonic and the extraembryonic tissues. However, as they continue to divide, they...
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Neurogenesis and Regeneration of Nervous Tissue01:15

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In the CNS, neurogenesis, the birth of new neurons from stem cells, is limited to the hippocampus in adults. In other regions of the brain and spinal cord, neurogenesis is almost non-existent due to inhibitory influences from neuroglia, especially oligodendrocytes, and the absence of growth-stimulating cues. The myelin produced by oligodendrocytes in the CNS inhibits neuronal regeneration. Furthermore, astrocytes proliferate rapidly after neuronal damage, forming scar tissue that physically...
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Development of the Sexual Organs in the Embryo and Fetus01:15

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Development of the reproductive organs in an embryo starts from a bipotential state. This means the early embryo can develop either male or female reproductive organs. The formation of these organs begins with the growth of gonadal ridges that arise from the intermediate mesoderm during the fifth week of development.
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Organization of the Brain01:30

Organization of the Brain

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The brain is an integral component of the nervous system and serves as the center for processing sensory inputs, making decisions, and directing bodily actions. This complex organ is organized into three primary sections: the hindbrain, midbrain, and forebrain, each responsible for a range of vital functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 6, 2026

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors
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Human cortical interneuron development unraveled.

Nicoletta Kessaris1

  • 1Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London, UK.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|January 27, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This study investigates the impact of environmental factors on cellular processes. Our findings reveal significant alterations in gene expression patterns due to specific pollutant exposures.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Environmental pollutants pose risks to biological systems.
  • Understanding cellular responses is crucial for risk assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of specific environmental pollutants on gene expression.
  • To identify molecular mechanisms underlying cellular responses to pollution.

Main Methods:

  • Exposure of human cell lines to varying concentrations of selected pollutants.
  • Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) for gene expression analysis.
  • Bioinformatic analysis to identify affected pathways.

Main Results:

  • Significant upregulation of stress-response genes observed.

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  • Downregulation of metabolic pathway genes noted.
  • Pollutant concentration-dependent effects were identified.

    • Conclusions:

    • Environmental pollutants induce distinct molecular signatures in cells.
    • These changes highlight potential toxicological pathways.
    • Further research is needed to elucidate long-term health implications.