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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
Some of the advantages that cancer cells have on normal cells include - enhanced ability to divide without terminally differentiating, induce new blood vessel formation,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Paramyxoviruses for Tumor-targeted Immunomodulation: Design and Evaluation Ex Vivo
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Engineering interferons and interleukins for cancer immunotherapy.

Patrick G Holder1, Shion A Lim2, Christine S Huang1

  • 1Department of Protein Chemistry, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.

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|January 27, 2022
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Cytokines are key immune proteins in cancer. Engineering advances are improving their use in cancer immunotherapy by enhancing safety and effectiveness.

Keywords:
Cell therapyCytokine engineeringCytokinesDrug deliveryImmune signalingLigand-receptor interactionProtein engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Oncology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Cytokines are potent immunoregulatory proteins crucial for human physiology and disease.
  • They play significant roles in cancer initiation, progression, and elimination.
  • Historically, recombinant cytokines have been used to treat cancer, but faced limitations like pleiotropy, poor drug-like properties, and toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in cytokine biology and engineering for cancer immunotherapy.
  • To highlight the potential of cytokines in enhancing antitumor immunity.
  • To discuss emerging strategies for improving cytokine-based cancer treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on cytokine biology and engineering.
  • Analysis of advancements in developing safer and more effective cytokine therapeutics.
  • Exploration of how cytokines can be integrated with modern immunotherapies like immune checkpoint inhibitors.

Main Results:

  • Cytokines are vital mediators of innate and adaptive antitumor immunity.
  • Engineering approaches are being developed to overcome the limitations of traditional cytokine therapy.
  • Recent progress shows promise in improving the safety and efficacy of cytokine immunotherapy.

Conclusions:

  • Cytokines remain critical for cancer immunotherapy, despite past challenges.
  • Novel engineering strategies are enhancing cytokine-based treatments.
  • The combination of cytokines with other immunotherapies holds significant potential for cancer treatment.