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Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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PIWI-interacting RNAs, or piRNAs, are the most abundant short non-coding RNAs. More than 20,000 genes have been found in humans that code for piRNAs while only 2000 genes have been found for miRNAs. piRNAs can act at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and have a vital role in silencing transposable elements present in germ cells. They are also involved in epigenetic silencing and activation. Previously, they were thought to function only in germ cells but new evidence suggests...
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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Transposons

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Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
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Chitosan/Interfering RNA Nanoparticle Mediated Gene Silencing in Disease Vector Mosquito Larvae
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Mosquito long non-coding RNAs are enriched with Transposable Elements.

Elverson Soares de Melo1, Gabriel Luz Wallau1

  • 1Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Departamento de Entomologia e Núcleo de Bioinformática, Recife, PE, Brazil.

Genetics and Molecular Biology
|January 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Transposable elements significantly contribute to the creation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mosquitoes. This discovery highlights a new layer of gene regulation in Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-coding RNA molecules with regulatory functions.
  • Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile genetic sequences abundant in insect genomes.
  • Previous research indicates a link between lncRNAs and TEs in vertebrates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of TEs in lncRNA biogenesis in the mosquito species Aedes albopictus and Culex quinquefasciatus.
  • To quantify the association between lncRNA loci and TE loci in these species.
  • To explore the impact of TE-derived sequences on lncRNA function, particularly in immune response.

Main Methods:

  • Bioinformatic analysis of lncRNA and TE loci in A. albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus genomes.
  • Identification and quantification of co-occurrence and sequence derivation between lncRNAs and TEs.
  • Analysis of specific TE superfamilies, such as Gypsy, for their contribution to lncRNA sequences.

Main Results:

  • A substantial fraction of lncRNA loci were found to co-occur with TE loci in both mosquito species.
  • Approximately 40% of A. albopictus and 52% of C. quinquefasciatus lncRNAs showed association with TEs.
  • TE-derived sequences form a significant portion of lncRNA exons, with some lncRNAs potentially regulating antiviral immune genes.

Conclusions:

  • Transposable elements are a major source for lncRNA biogenesis in A. albopictus and C. quinquefasciatus.
  • TE-derived lncRNAs may play a role in gene regulatory modulation, including immune responses in mosquitoes.
  • This study reveals a significant contribution of TEs to the lncRNA landscape in these important insect vectors.