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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

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How Welfare Regimes Moderate the Associations Between Cognitive Aging, Education, and Occupation.

Dan Orsholits1,2, Stéphane Cullati3,4, Paolo Ghisletta2,5,6

  • 1Centre for the Interdisciplinary Study of Gerontology and Vulnerability, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.

The Journals of Gerontology. Series B, Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
|January 28, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Cognitive reserve markers like education and occupation impact cognitive aging differently across European welfare regimes. Scandinavian countries showed weaker education-cognition links but more pronounced decline differences, while Southern Europe had stronger education-cognition associations.

Keywords:
CognitionCognitive reserveLife courseLife spanWelfare states

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Area of Science:

  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Individual cognitive reserve markers (education, occupation) are linked to cognitive health in older adults.
  • Limited research exists on how contextual factors, like welfare regimes, influence this relationship.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the moderating role of European welfare regimes on the association between cognitive reserve markers and cognitive functioning in old age.
  • To examine how education and occupational skill level predict overall cognitive function and its decline across different welfare contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe data (13 countries, multiple waves).
  • Utilized second-order latent growth models to assess cognitive functioning (immediate/delayed recall, verbal fluency, numeracy) and its change over time.
  • Included 74,193 participants.

Main Results:

  • The education-cognition association was weaker in Scandinavian and stronger in Southern European countries compared to Bismarckian regimes.
  • Educational differences in cognitive decline were more pronounced in Scandinavian countries.
  • Higher occupational skill was linked to better overall cognition in Scandinavian countries versus Bismarckian, but not to differences in decline.

Conclusions:

  • Welfare regimes significantly moderate the relationship between cognitive reserve markers and cognitive aging.
  • Contextual factors are crucial for understanding cognitive aging processes and individual differences.