Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Electroconvulsive Therapy01:30

Electroconvulsive Therapy

247
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), or shock therapy, remains a critical biomedical intervention for severe, treatment-resistant depression. While its origins can be traced back to Hippocrates' observations that malaria-induced convulsions alleviated mental illness, modern ECT has evolved significantly from its earlier, more primitive applications. First introduced in 1938 by Ugo Cerletti and his colleagues, ECT involves inducing controlled seizures using electrical currents. In its early...
247
Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Potassium Channel Activators

328
Ezocgabine or retigabine, an antiepileptic drug of remarkable efficacy, has revolutionized the management of seizures. It is a potassium channel activator, explicitly targeting the family of Q subtype potassium channels. It enhances the transmembrane potassium currents, regulating neuronal excitability. This action stabilizes the resting membrane potential, a pivotal factor in mitigating the hyperexcitability that characterizes epilepsy.
Ezogabine has gained approval as an adjunctive treatment...
328
Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview

341
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
341
Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein01:20

Antiepileptic Drugs: Modulators of Neurotransmitter Release Mediated by SV2A Protein

502
Antiepileptic drugs, such as levetiracetam (Keppra) and brivaracetam (Briviact), have emerged as crucial tools in managing epilepsy. These medications exert their therapeutic effects by targeting the synaptic vesicle protein SV2A, a transmembrane glycoprotein primarily found in the brain.
SV2A is a transmembrane glycoprotein located predominantly in the brain, modulating the release of neurotransmitters for neuronal communication. Both levetiracetam and brivaracetam exhibit a high affinity for...
502
Seizures: Classification01:13

Seizures: Classification

653
Epilepsy is primarily characterized by unpredictable seizures, either provoked by an identifiable factor, such as injury or illness, or unprovoked, occurring spontaneously without apparent cause.
Seizures are typically classified into two main categories: focal and generalized seizures.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures originate from specific regions of the brain. These seizures are further sub-classified into two types:
653
Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers01:08

Antiepileptic Drugs: Sodium Channel Blockers

1.1K
Antiepileptic drugs are specialized medications that prevent seizures in individuals diagnosed with epilepsy. These drugs primarily function by blocking the movement of sodium ions through channels in the neuronal membrane, inhibiting the repetitive firing of action potentials often associated with seizures.
Sodium channel blockers modulate ion channels, particularly voltage-gated sodium channels. They block only sodium ion movement.
Among the most commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs are...
1.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Interventions for smoking cessation in inpatient psychiatry settings.

The Cochrane database of systematic reviews·2026
Same author

Do virtual reality-based therapies affect symptomatology and psychosocial functioning in schizophrenia spectrum disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis.

BJPsych open·2026
Same author

Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on anthropometric and adiposity measures in patients with antipsychotic-induced weight gain: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England)·2026
Same author

Prevalence and outcomes of co-occurring psychiatric and endocrine, metabolic, and nutritional disorders: An atlas based on umbrella review of 254,154,533 records.

European neuropsychopharmacology : the journal of the European College of Neuropsychopharmacology·2026
Same author

Clozapine-Associated Neutropenia among People on Clozapine in Japan: A Nationally Representative Retrospective Cohort Study.

Schizophrenia bulletin·2026
Same author

Intramuscular Clozapine: A Systematic Scoping Review of Clinical Feasibility, Safety, and Efficacy.

Journal of clinical psychopharmacology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy
04:51

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

Published on: April 11, 2019

9.6K

Tardive Seizures After Electroconvulsive Therapy.

Nicola Warren, Brenton Eyre-Watt, Ella Pearson1

  • 1Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland.

The Journal of ECT
|January 30, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Tardive seizures, spontaneous seizures after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), are rare. Risk factors like medications and neurological injury are common, but major complications are infrequent. Repeating ECT is often safe after careful review.

More Related Videos

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins
09:07

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins

Published on: August 15, 2017

12.2K
Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

19.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy
04:51

Pupillary Response as Assessment of Effective Seizure Induction by Electroconvulsive Therapy

Published on: April 11, 2019

9.6K
Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins
09:07

Electroconvulsive Seizures in Rats and Fractionation of Their Hippocampi to Examine Seizure-induced Changes in Postsynaptic Density Proteins

Published on: August 15, 2017

12.2K
Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement
06:58

Non-restraining EEG Radiotelemetry: Epidural and Deep Intracerebral Stereotaxic EEG Electrode Placement

Published on: June 25, 2016

19.4K

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Tardive seizures are spontaneous seizures occurring after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
  • They are considered a rare complication of ECT, influenced by factors affecting seizure threshold.
  • Limited data exists on tardive seizures specifically within the context of modified ECT.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the literature on tardive seizures following modified ECT.
  • To provide clinical guidance for managing patients who experience tardive seizures during ECT treatment.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, EMBASE, PsycInfo, and CINAHL databases up to May 2021.
  • Cases of modified ECT with tardive seizures occurring within 7 days of the index ECT seizure were identified.
  • Data collected included patient demographics, medical history, medications, anesthetic details, ECT parameters, and management strategies.

Main Results:

  • 39 episodes of modified ECT-related tardive seizures were reported over 40 years.
  • Over 97% of cases had identifiable risk factors, such as seizure-lowering medications or neurological conditions.
  • Major complications were rare (<15%), but serious adverse events including fetal death and suicide were noted. Most patients (over 50%) were successfully retreated with ECT, with only 15% experiencing recurrent tardive seizures.

Conclusions:

  • Tardive seizures are a rare complication of modified ECT.
  • Reinitiating ECT after a tardive seizure is feasible following a thorough review of modifiable seizure risk factors.
  • Consideration of antiepileptic medications and enhanced post-ECT monitoring is recommended.