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Structural Joints: Cartilaginous Joints01:17

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As the name indicates, at a cartilaginous joint, the adjacent bones are united by cartilage, a tough but flexible type of connective tissue. Unlike synovial joints, these types of joints lack a joint cavity and involve bones joined together by either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage.
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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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Correction: Solomon et al. Effects of Platelet-Rich Osteoconductive-Osteoinductive Allograft Compound on Tunnel Widening of ACL Reconstruction: A Randomized Blind Analysis Study. <i>Pathophysiology</i> 2022, <i>29</i>, 394-404.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

A Proinflammatory, Degenerative Organ Culture Model to Simulate Early-Stage Intervertebral Disc Disease.
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Computational Modeling Intervertebral Disc Pathophysiology: A Review.

Mallory Volz1, Shady Elmasry2, Alicia R Jackson1

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, United States.

Frontiers in Physiology
|January 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Computational modeling aids understanding of intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration, a major cause of lower back pain. Finite element models explore factors like nutrition, aging, and mechanics contributing to disc degeneration.

Keywords:
IGF-1agingcomputational modelingdisc degenerationextracellular matrixhomeostasisproteoglycanssmoking

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Computational Biology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Lower back pain is a widespread condition, with intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration being a primary cause.
  • The degeneration process is complex, involving multifactorial influences such as aging, genetics, and mechanical stress.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review findings from finite element models of IVD pathophysiology.
  • To focus on factors contributing to physical changes in degenerative disc disease.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of existing literature on computational modeling of the intervertebral disc.
  • Categorization of models based on the factors investigated: nutritional supply, biochemical alterations, aging, and mechanical factors.

Main Results:

  • Computational models offer a powerful method to isolate and study the complex interplay of factors in IVD degeneration.
  • Models have been developed to investigate the impact of nutrition, cellular processes, aging, and mechanical loading on disc health.

Conclusions:

  • Finite element modeling is crucial for understanding the multifactorial etiology of IVD degeneration.
  • Further computational modeling is needed to address limitations and advance the study of disc degeneration and lower back pain.