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Related Concept Videos

B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
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Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response01:23

Cells of the Adaptive Immune Response

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The T and B lymphocytes of the adaptive immune system develop from common lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow. These progenitors give rise to precursors that eventually develop into both T and B lymphocytes. As these precursors mature, they gain the ability to detect and respond to foreign antigens in the body, a process known as immunocompetence. Additionally, these precursors acquire self-tolerance, a process that ensures they do not react to self-antigens. This intricate system...
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Special Features of Adaptive Immunity01:20

Special Features of Adaptive Immunity

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The adaptive immune system, a crucial component of the overall immune response, offers a highly specialized defense against pathogens. It involves specific cell types and features, enabling it to combat infections effectively and efficiently.
The primary cell types involved in adaptive immunity are T cells and B cells. Each type has a unique role in defending the body against pathogens. T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. They identify and eliminate infected cells directly,...
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Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

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Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature...
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Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Hybridoma Technology01:31

Hybridoma Technology

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Hybridoma technology is used for the large-scale production of monoclonal antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies bind to only a single antigenic determinant or epitope. Such antibodies are used in research, diagnostics, and disease therapy. The hybridoma technology established in 1975 by Georges Köhler and Cesar Milstein was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1984 for revolutionizing research and therapy.
Hybridoma Selection
Commonly used fusion techniques — electroporation,...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

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Generation of High Quality Memory B Cells.

Takeshi Inoue1, Ryo Shinnakasu1, Tomohiro Kurosaki1,2,3

  • 1Laboratory of Lymphocyte Differentiation, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.

Frontiers in Immunology
|January 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells are crucial for fighting pathogen re-infection. Developing vaccines to induce broadly protective memory B cells against rapidly mutating viruses remains a significant challenge.

Keywords:
BCR affinitybroadly neutralizing antibodygerminal centermemory B cellvaccine

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Last Updated: Oct 5, 2025

The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity
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The Isolation, Differentiation, and Quantification of Human Antibody-secreting B Cells from Blood: ELISpot as a Functional Readout of Humoral Immunity

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In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells
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In Vitro Differentiation Model of Human Normal Memory B Cells to Long-lived Plasma Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology

Background:

  • Humoral immunity relies on long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells for protection against pathogen re-infection.
  • Memory B cells are vital for responding to viral subtypes and escape mutants, demonstrating adaptability against evolving pathogens.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss recent advances in understanding memory B cell development and activation.
  • To highlight challenges in developing vaccines that induce broadly protective memory B cells against rapidly mutating pathogens like influenza and HIV.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on germinal center B cell dynamics.
  • Analysis of key signals and factors regulating memory B cell differentiation and function.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in elucidating the basic mechanisms of memory B cell generation.
  • The memory B cell pool demonstrates capacity to manage variant viruses, yet broad protection is elusive.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding germinal center regulation is key to improving vaccine strategies.
  • Overcoming challenges in inducing broadly protective memory B cells is critical for effective vaccines against rapidly mutating viruses.