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Updated: Oct 5, 2025
Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography
Published on: December 9, 2022
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Displaced Intra-articular Calcaneal Fractures Correlates With the Perioperative
Dominique Misselyn1, Tim Schepers2, Richard Buckley3
1Trauma Surgery Department, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, Herestraat, Leuven, Belgium.
Background:
Intra-articular calcaneal fractures are complex injuries, and CT imaging has become the standard imaging in the preoperative assessment. Most classifications of these fractures are CT-based but have been associated with limited interobserver agreement. Three-dimensional imaging has become widely available and may give a better perspective but often with 1 image only. There is not much evidence of the added value of this imaging, compared with the CT imaging.
Methods:
Eight experienced trauma surgeons assessed 28 different intra-articular calcaneal fractures, on conventional radiology (CR), CT, and 3-D imaging. All had extensive experience in the diagnosis and treatment of this difficult injury. The main questions concerned Sanders classification, the severity of the injury and the difficulty of the operative procedure, choice of approach, and choice of procedure.
Results:
The classical 2-D CT imaging of the fractures were associated with a higher Sanders classification ranking, compared with the 3-D imaging scores. However, the interobserver agreement, as measured by the Fleiss kappa, was low for all 3 imaging modalities. We found more frequent Sanders III and IV classifications with CT scan imaging compared with 3-D imaging or CR. The scores obtained after assessing 3-D imaging were also not statistically significantly different from the scores of a consensus achieved by 2 authors and based on the 3 imaging modalities and the perioperative diagnosis.
Conclusion:
The 3-D imaging may result in a more realistic view, reducing the frequency of classifying Sanders III fractures than with the 2-D CT imaging series. 3-D imaging may be more reliable than CT in the planning of operative treatment of displaced intra-articular calcaneal fractures.
Level Of Evidence:
Level III.
