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Related Concept Videos

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
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RNA Splicing01:32

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Liver and gallbladder diseases are a significant health concern, with prominent conditions including cirrhosis, hepatitis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and gallstones. Jaundice is a common manifestation of liver and biliary disease.
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Cholangiopathies and the noncoding revolution.

Sergio Gradilone1,2, Nicola Brunetti-Pierri3,4, Pasquale Piccolo3

  • 1The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin.

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Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key regulators in cholangiopathies. This review highlights recent advances in understanding ncRNAs for diagnosing and treating these diseases, especially cholangiocarcinoma.

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), such as microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), are recognized as crucial regulators of gene expression.
  • Emerging evidence implicates ncRNAs in the pathogenesis of various diseases, particularly cholangiopathies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advancements in the role of ncRNAs in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of cholangiopathies.
  • To focus on the growing body of knowledge regarding ncRNAs in cholangiocarcinoma.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent studies on ncRNAs in cholangiopathies.
  • Analysis of findings related to miRNA and lncRNA functions and clinical applications.

Main Results:

  • Significant progress has been made in understanding the role of ncRNAs in cholangiopathies.
  • MicroRNAs show potential as noninvasive biomarkers for diagnosis and staging of cholangiocarcinoma.
  • Studies have elucidated the functional roles of ncRNAs, offering new insights into disease mechanisms.

Conclusions:

  • ncRNAs are pivotal in the molecular mechanisms underlying cholangiopathies.
  • Further research into ncRNAs holds promise for novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for cholangiopathies, including cholangiocarcinoma.