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Related Concept Videos

Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

103.9K
Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
103.9K
Meiosis I03:09

Meiosis I

42.1K
Meiosis is the division of a diploid cell into haploid cells forming sperm and eggs in animals through differentiation. Meiosis I is the first stage of meiosis, where the genetic recombination of homologous chromosomes and the reduction of the ploidy level by half occurs.
Prophase I is the most extended and complex step of meiosis I characterized by synapsis, chromosome pairing, and recombination of the homologous chromosomes. This process is facilitated by a proteinaceous structure called the...
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The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

7.0K
The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
7.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Isolation of Murine Spermatogenic Cells using a Violet-Excited Cell-Permeable DNA Binding Dye
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Isolation of Murine Spermatogenic Cells using a Violet-Excited Cell-Permeable DNA Binding Dye

Published on: January 14, 2021

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Molecular Evolution across Mouse Spermatogenesis.

Emily E K Kopania1, Erica L Larson2, Colin Callahan1

  • 1Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA.

Molecular Biology and Evolution
|January 31, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Spermatogenesis shows rapid molecular evolution, with distinct patterns in early and late stages. Protein and gene expression evolve differently, influenced by developmental timing and chromosome location.

Keywords:
allele-specific expressionfaster-X evolutionfluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS)gene expressionphylogenetic contrasts

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A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model
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Step-specific Sorting of Mouse Spermatids by Flow Cytometry
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Last Updated: Oct 5, 2025

Isolation of Murine Spermatogenic Cells using a Violet-Excited Cell-Permeable DNA Binding Dye
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A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model
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A Seminiferous Tubule Squash Technique for the Cytological Analysis of Spermatogenesis Using the Mouse Model

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Step-specific Sorting of Mouse Spermatids by Flow Cytometry
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Step-specific Sorting of Mouse Spermatids by Flow Cytometry

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Area of Science:

  • Evolutionary biology
  • Molecular genetics
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Spermatogenesis involves rapid gene evolution, but evolutionary patterns of gene expression and protein sequences remain unclear.
  • Understanding these patterns is crucial for deciphering male fertility and reproductive evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the evolution of gene expression and protein sequences during spermatogenesis across different mouse strains.
  • To identify how developmental stage and regulatory mechanisms influence molecular evolution in sperm development.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to obtain expression data from meiotic and postmeiotic cells across 13 mouse strains.
  • Analyzed protein-coding sequences and gene expression levels, examining X-linked versus autosomal evolution.
  • Employed allele-specific FACS data from crosses to differentiate cis- and trans-regulatory divergence.

Main Results:

  • Observed increased lineage specificity and faster divergence in protein sequences and expression during late spermatogenesis.
  • Found weak correlations between protein and expression divergence across genes, with faster protein evolution on the X chromosome.
  • Identified cell-type-specific regulatory mechanisms: cis-regulation dominated late spermatogenesis, while trans-regulation was more prevalent early on.

Conclusions:

  • Molecular evolution in spermatogenesis is punctuated, with distinct evolutionary pressures acting on different developmental stages.
  • Developmental context and regulatory mechanisms significantly shape the evolutionary trajectories of genes and their expression.
  • Findings highlight the importance of considering developmental timing and regulatory interactions in evolutionary studies of gene function.