Characterisation of Time-of-Flight (ToF) imaging system for application in monitoring deep inspiration breath-hold...

The purpose of this study is to develop a method for characterisation of time-of-flight (ToF) imaging system for application in deep inspiration breath-hold radiotherapy (DIBH-RT). The performance of an Argos 3D P330 ToF camera (Bluetechnix, Austria) was studied for patient surface monitoring during DIBH-RT using a phantom to simulate the intra-patient and inter-patient stability of the camera. Patient setup error was also simulated by positioning the phantom at predefined shift positions (2, 5 and 10 mm) from the isocentre. The localisation accuracy of the phantom was measured using ToF imaging system and repeated using CBCT imaging alone (CBCT) and simultaneously using ToF imaging during CBCT imaging (ToF-CBCT). The mean and SD of the setup errors obtained from each of the imaging methods were calculated. Student t-test was used to compare the mean setup errors. Correlation and Bland-Altman analysis were also performed. The intra-and inter-patient stability of the camera were within 0.31 mm and 0.74 mm, respectively. The localisation accuracy in terms of the mean ±SD of the measured setup errors were 0.34 ± 0.98 mm, 0.12 ± 0.34 mm, and -0.24 ± 1.42 mm for ToF, CBCT and ToF-CBCT imaging, respectively. A strong correlation was seen between the phantom position and the measured position using ToF (r = 0.96), CBCT (r = 0.99) as well as ToF-CBCT (r = 0.92) imaging. The limits of agreement from Bland Altman analysis between the phantom position and ToF, CBCT and ToF-CBCT measured positions were -1.52, 2.31 mm, -0.55, 0.78 mm; and -3.03, 2.55 mm, respectively. The sensor shows good stability and high accuracy comparable to similar sensors in the market. The method developed is useful for characterisation of an optical surface imaging system for application in monitoring DIBH-RT.