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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
18.3K
States of Matter01:20

States of Matter

1.9K
Solids, liquids, and gases are the three states of matter commonly found on Earth. A solid is rigid and possesses a definite shape. A liquid flows and takes the shape of its container, except it forms a flat or slightly curved upper surface when acted upon by gravity. Both liquid and solid samples have volumes nearly independent of pressure. A gas takes both the shape and volume of its container.
Scientists have discovered a fourth state of matter, plasma, that occurs naturally in the interiors...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

13.4K
Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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The Two Faces of the Liquid Ordered Phase.

Itay Schachter1,2, Riku O Paananen3,4, Balázs Fábián1

  • 1Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo nám. 542/2, CZ-16000 Prague 6, Czech Republic.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|February 1, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Membrane models show ordered lipid phases (Lo) have different structures below and above physiological temperatures. This temperature-dependent structure explains why raft proteins avoid Lo phases in room-temperature models.

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Area of Science:

  • Membrane biophysics
  • Lipid bilayer dynamics
  • Protein-lipid interactions

Background:

  • Biological membranes exhibit heterogeneity with coexisting liquid ordered (Lo) and liquid disordered (Ld) lipid phases.
  • Model systems using vesicles are common for studying membrane heterogeneity and ordered rafts.
  • Raft-associated proteins are observed to partition exclusively to the Ld phase, not the Lo phase, in current models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the structural differences of lipid rafts across temperatures.
  • To understand why raft-associated proteins are excluded from the Lo phase in model systems.
  • To reconcile discrepancies between room-temperature models and physiological conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Atomistic molecular dynamics simulations.
  • Differential scanning calorimetry.
  • Fluorescence spectroscopy on Lo phase membranes.

Main Results:

  • At room temperature, raft-associated proteins are excluded from the Lo phase due to a stiff, hexagonally packed lipid structure.
  • This ordered structure melts upon heating towards physiological temperatures.
  • A subtle crossover in membrane properties indicates a temperature-dependent structural transition within the Lo phase.

Conclusions:

  • The Lo phase exhibits distinct microscopic structures at room temperature versus physiological temperatures.
  • This structural diversity explains protein partitioning behavior in model membrane systems.
  • Model systems must account for temperature-dependent lipid structures to accurately represent cellular membrane heterogeneity.