Multi-target 2D tracking method for singing humpback whales using vector sensors

Acoustic vector sensors allow estimating the direction of travel of an acoustic wave at a single point by measuring both acoustic pressure and particle motion on orthogonal axes. In a two-dimensional plane, the location of an acoustic source can thus be determined by triangulation using the estimated azimuths from at least two vector sensors. However, when tracking multiple acoustic sources simultaneously, it becomes challenging to identify and link sequences of azimuthal measurements between sensors to their respective sources. This work illustrates how two-dimensional vector sensors, deployed off the coast of western Maui, can be used to generate azimuthal tracks from individual humpback whales singing simultaneously. Incorporating acoustic transport velocity estimates into the processing generates high-quality azimuthal tracks that can be linked between sensors by cross-correlating features of their respective azigrams, a particular time-frequency representation of sound directionality. Once the correct azimuthal track associations have been made between instruments, subsequent localization and tracking in latitude and longitude of simultaneous whales can be achieved using a minimum of two vector sensors. Two-dimensional tracks and positional uncertainties of six singing whales are presented, along with swimming speed estimates derived from a high-quality track.