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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Treatment Resistant Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistant Cancers

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Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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Dual Immunotherapy Makes Strides against HCC

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    |February 2, 2022
    PubMed
    Summary

    In a phase III trial, tremelimumab plus durvalumab improved overall survival for patients with inoperable liver cancer. This combination therapy showed better outcomes than sorafenib as a first-line treatment.

    Area of Science:

    • Hepatobiliary cancers
    • Immunotherapy
    • Clinical oncology

    Background:

    • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant global health challenge.
    • First-line treatment options for inoperable HCC have historically been limited.
    • Sorafenib has been a standard first-line treatment, but survival benefits are modest.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To evaluate the efficacy of tremelimumab plus durvalumab versus sorafenib in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
    • To assess overall survival as the primary endpoint in a first-line setting.

    Main Methods:

    • The HIMALAYA trial was a phase III, randomized, open-label study.
    • Patients received either a single priming dose of tremelimumab followed by durvalumab every four weeks, or sorafenib.

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  • The study included patients with Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer stage C or B who were not candidates for locoregional therapy.

    • Main Results:

    • The combination of tremelimumab and durvalumab demonstrated superior overall survival compared to sorafenib.
    • This survival benefit was observed in the first-line treatment of patients with inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma.
    • Hazard ratios indicated a significant reduction in the risk of death for the combination arm.

    Conclusions:

    • Tremelimumab plus durvalumab represents a new first-line treatment option for patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
    • This combination therapy offers a significant survival advantage over the current standard of care, sorafenib.
    • The findings support the use of immune checkpoint inhibitors in the management of advanced liver cancer.