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External Anatomy of the Kidney01:21

External Anatomy of the Kidney

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The kidneys are a pair of bean-shaped organs in the human body that play a critical role in maintaining overall health. They filter out waste products from the blood, regulate blood pressure, maintain electrolyte balance, and stimulate the production of red blood cells.
The kidneys are located in the retroperitoneal space on either side of the vertebral column, protected posteriorly by the 11th and 12th ribs. The right kidney sits slightly lower than the left owing to the presence of the liver...
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Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction01:28

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

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Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...
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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations01:26

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

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Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...
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Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations01:24

Chronic Kidney Disease II: Clinical Manifestations

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) progressively impairs multiple body systems due to the accumulation of uremic toxins, which disrupt cellular functions across various organs.Neurologic symptomsNeurologic symptoms often arise early in CKD, as uremic toxin buildup drives changes in cognitive and motor functions. Patients frequently experience fatigue, headache, confusion, difficulty concentrating, and, in severe cases, seizures. Peripheral neuropathy commonly manifests as burning sensations in the...
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Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction01:25

Chronic Kidney Disease I: Introduction

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Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) arises when the kidneys progressively lose their ability to function, ultimately leading to end-stage renal disease. At this advanced stage, the kidneys can no longer filter waste or maintain essential body functions, requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) through dialysis or a kidney transplant for survival.Early-stage chronic kidney disease and detection challengesIn CKD's early stages, symptoms often remain absent because healthy nephrons compensate for...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro
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A Semi-Automated and Reproducible Biological-Based Method to Quantify Calcium Deposition In Vitro

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Extraosseous calcification in kidney disease.

Korey Bartolomeo1, Xin Yee Tan2, Richard Fatica3

  • 1Department of Kidney Medicine, Glickman Urological & Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH krbartolomeo@gmail.com.

Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine
|February 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Chronic kidney disease increases the risk of calcium deposits outside bones. This review covers the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and management of these disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Cardiovascular Medicine
  • Mineral Metabolism

Background:

  • Chronic and end-stage kidney disease (CKD) are associated with significant morbidity.
  • A key complication is ectopic calcification, the deposition of calcium in soft tissues.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of ectopic calcification in patients with kidney disease.
  • To consolidate information on pathogenesis, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches, and therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing research on ectopic calcification in CKD.
  • Synthesis of data regarding the mechanisms, clinical manifestations, and management.

Main Results:

  • CKD significantly elevates the risk of extraskeletal calcium deposition.
  • Ectopic calcification affects various organs, including vasculature, heart valves, and skin.
  • Understanding the pathogenesis is crucial for effective diagnosis and treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Ectopic calcification is a serious complication of advanced kidney disease.
  • Multifaceted management involving medical and potentially interventional strategies is necessary.
  • Further research is needed to optimize treatment outcomes.