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Related Concept Videos

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Gustation, or the sense of taste, is intrinsically linked to the anatomical structures located on the tongue. This organ's surface, along with the entirety of the oral cavity, is adorned with stratified squamous epithelium. Evident on the tongue are elevated structures known as papillae (singular = papilla), which house the mechanisms for the transduction of gustatory stimuli. Four distinct types of papillae exist, each identified by their unique morphological attributes: the circumvallate,...
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Gustation is a chemical sense that, along with olfaction (smell), contributes to our perception of taste. It starts with the activation of receptors by chemical compounds (tastants) dissolved in the saliva. The saliva and filiform papillae on the tongue distribute the tastants and increase their exposure to the taste receptors.
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The perception of a salty flavor is facilitated by sodium ions within the oral salivary fluid. Upon consumption of a salty substance, salt crystals disassemble, leading to the liberation of its constituents—Na+ and Cl- ions. These ions subsequently dissolve into the salivary fluid present in the oral cavity. The external environment of the gustatory cells experiences an elevation in Na+ concentration, thereby establishing a potent concentration gradient. This gradient propels the...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Gustatory event-related potential alterations in olfactory dysfunction patients.

Zirong Chen1,2, Chunhua Hu2, Yaru Zhang3

  • 1Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Anzhen Road, Beijing, Chaoyang District, China.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|February 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Olfactory impairment is linked to reduced taste function. However, individuals with smell loss show heightened gustatory event-related potentials (gERPs), suggesting a compensatory mechanism in the brain.

Keywords:
Gustatory event-related potentialsOdorOlfactory dysfunctionTastegERPs

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Chemosensation Research
  • Sensory Integration

Background:

  • Longstanding impaired olfactory function is often associated with decreased gustatory function.
  • Mutual chemosensory interactions are hypothesized to underlie the link between smell and taste.
  • Further research is needed to fully understand the interaction between olfaction and gustation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how taste perception is influenced by olfactory impairment within the central nervous system.
  • To examine gustatory event-related potentials (gERPs) in individuals with and without olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Tested 33 subjects (19 normal, 14 impaired olfactory function) using validated olfactory and gustatory tests.
  • Utilized Sniffin' Sticks, gustatory event-related potentials (gERPs), and the three-drop test for comprehensive assessment.
  • Analyzed gERPs, focusing on amplitude and latency at specific electrodes (FZ, E16, E21, PZ).

Main Results:

  • An objective decline in gustatory function was observed in participants with olfactory dysfunction.
  • Increased gERPs were reported in olfactory dysfunction participants, particularly at frontal (FZ) and electrode 16 (E16).
  • Reduced latency of the P2 peak at electrode 21 (E21) was noted, with no significant difference at the centro-parietal electrode (PZ).

Conclusions:

  • The inferior insula may be a key area responsible for the observed increase in gERPs.
  • The heightened P2 component amplitude in gERPs could represent a compensatory secondary gustatory response in olfactory-impaired individuals.
  • This study provides objective evidence of gustatory processing alterations linked to olfactory dysfunction.