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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Minimally Invasive Endoscopic Intracerebral Hemorrhage Evacuation
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Hemorrhagic Stroke: Endoscopic Aspiration.

Alberto Feletti1, Alessandro Fiorindi2

  • 1Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine, and Movement Sciences, Institute of Neurosurgery, University of Verona, Verona, Italy. alberto.feletti@univr.it.

Advances and Technical Standards in Neurosurgery
|February 2, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Minimally invasive neurosurgery, including neuroendoscopy, shows promise for treating intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH). These advanced techniques may reduce mortality and complications compared to traditional methods.

Keywords:
EVDEndoscopyFibrinolysisFlexibleFunctional outcomeHydrocephalusICHIVHRigidShunt-dependency

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Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Minimally Invasive Procedures
  • Neurological Surgery

Background:

  • Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) are associated with poor patient outcomes.
  • Conventional treatments like craniotomy for ICH and external ventricular drains (EVDs) for IVH have limitations, including lack of efficacy and increased complication rates.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of minimally invasive techniques, particularly neuroendoscopy, in managing ICH and IVH.
  • To compare the outcomes of minimally invasive approaches with traditional surgical and medical treatments.

Main Methods:

  • Review of minimally invasive techniques for ICH and IVH, including endoscopic clot removal and fibrinolytic agent infusion.
  • Discussion of neuroendoscopic approaches through mini-craniotomy or single burr hole with parafascicular white matter trajectory.
  • Analysis of endoscopic ventricular system access for clot aspiration in IVH.

Main Results:

  • Endoscopic removal of ICH through a minimally invasive approach has demonstrated reduced mortality.
  • Neuroendoscopy offers potential for restoring cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway patency in IVH, potentially reducing complications and shunt dependency.

Conclusions:

  • Minimally invasive neurosurgical techniques, especially neuroendoscopy, represent a promising advancement in managing ICH and IVH.
  • Further randomized trials are needed to confirm improved neurological outcomes and long-term benefits.