Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

583
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
583
Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

1.2K
The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
1.2K
Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

95.7K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
95.7K
Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base01:30

Titration of a Weak Acid with a Strong Base

2.6K
In titrating a weak acid with a strong base, different calculation methods are applied at various stages. Initially, the pH of a weak acid like acetic acid is calculated using its dissociation constant (Ka) and an ICE table. Upon addition of a strong base such as sodium hydroxide, a buffer forms, and its pH is determined using the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. As more base is added and the titration reaches the halfway point, the pH becomes equal to the pKa of the acid, indicating equal...
2.6K
Acid&#8211;Base Titration: Overview01:26

Acid–Base Titration: Overview

12.0K
An acid-base titration is a technique used to determine the concentration of an unknown acid or base, using a titrant of known concentration–either a base for acid titration or an acid for base titration. The process involves gradually adding the titrant, leading to a predictable change in the pH of the solution. This change is plotted on a titration curve, showing how a solution's pH varies with the amount of titrant added. Such curves are instrumental in monitoring the...
12.0K
Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

1.5K
The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
1.5K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Micronutrient Changes in Critically Ill: Elusive Answers for Evaluation and Management.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·2024
Same author

Nurse Education in Care of Delirium: Achieving a Change from Transcription and Translation to Interpretation for Reduced Strain.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·2024
Same author

Practice Patterns in the Diagnosis and Management of Alcohol Withdrawal Syndrome in Indian Intensive Care Units.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·2023
Same author

Communication Skill Training Levels among Critical Care Doctors in India.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·2023
Same author

Tropical Fever: Unveiling an Asymptomatic Case of Polycythemia Vera.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·2022
Same author

Ventilator -associated Pneumonia and Lung Ultrasound: Finally, What is between the Ears Matters.

Indian journal of critical care medicine : peer-reviewed, official publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine·2021

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test
10:21

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test

Published on: September 22, 2023

739

Revisiting Stewart's Approach toward Assessment of Unidentified or Complex Acid-Base Disorders.

Justin Aryabhat Gopaldas1

  • 1Department of Critical Care Medicine, Manipal Hospital, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
|February 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary

This article revisits Stewart's approach for assessing complex acid-base disorders. It offers a refined perspective on interpreting these challenging clinical scenarios.

Keywords:
Acid–Base disturbanceAlbumin-corrected anion gapBicarbonate-based arterial blood gas analysisHigh anion gap metabolic acidosisMetabolic acidosisMetabolic alkalosisStewart's approach

More Related Videos

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

550
Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
10:38

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies

Published on: January 16, 2019

20.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test
10:21

Evaluation of Hydration Status by Bioelectrical Impedance Vector Analysis in Patients with Ischemic Heart Disease Undergoing Exercise Stress Test

Published on: September 22, 2023

739
Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment
08:25

Polar Histogram Visualization of Acute Stress Disorder Scale Scores for Comprehensive Clinical Assessment

Published on: December 6, 2024

550
Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies
10:38

Observational Study Protocol for Repeated Clinical Examination and Critical Care Ultrasonography Within the Simple Intensive Care Studies

Published on: January 16, 2019

20.4K

Area of Science:

  • Critical care medicine
  • Clinical chemistry
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Acid-base disorders are common in critically ill patients.
  • Stewart's quantitative approach offers a more comprehensive method for assessment compared to traditional methods.
  • Unidentified or complex cases often pose diagnostic challenges.

Discussion:

  • Revisiting Stewart's approach provides a framework for understanding the interplay of strong ion difference, weak acids, and partial pressure of carbon dioxide.
  • This method aids in differentiating between metabolic and respiratory components of acid-base disturbances.
  • Application of Stewart's principles can clarify complex cases that are difficult to interpret using traditional bicarbonate-centric approaches.

Key Insights:

  • Stewart's approach offers a more robust method for diagnosing complex acid-base disorders.
  • Understanding the independent variables (strong ion difference, PCO2, total weak acid concentration) is crucial.
  • This quantitative analysis facilitates a deeper understanding of underlying pathophysiological processes.

Outlook:

  • Further validation and wider adoption of Stewart's approach in clinical practice are warranted.
  • Educational initiatives focusing on Stewart's principles can improve diagnostic accuracy in critical care.
  • Continued research may refine the application of this approach in diverse patient populations.