Autosomal Recessive Primary Microcephaly: Not Just a Small Brain.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Developmental Biology
• Genetics

Background:

• Microcephaly, characterized by reduced head circumference, arises from abnormal brain development or atrophy.
• Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a key form of isolated congenital microcephaly, primarily affecting the cerebral cortex.
• Numerous genes implicated in neurogenesis are increasingly identified as causes of MCPH.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an in-depth review of the microcephalic brain in Autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH).
• To examine the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex in MCPH.
• To discuss cellular processes in neural progenitors, neurons, and glial cells relevant to MCPH and normal brain growth.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of studies on MCPH and brain development.
• Analysis of cytoarchitectural features of the cerebral cortex in microcephalic brains.
• Synthesis of current knowledge on neurogenesis and cellular functions in MCPH.

Main Results:

• MCPH involves disruptions in neurogenesis affecting neural progenitor cells, neurons, and glial cells.
• The cerebral cortex cytoarchitecture is significantly altered in MCPH.
• Mutations in genes crucial for neurogenesis are a primary cause of MCPH.

Conclusions:

• Understanding MCPH requires examining cellular and molecular processes impacting brain growth.
• MCPH provides critical insights into the genetic control of human brain size and development.
• Further research into MCPH pathogenesis can illuminate mechanisms of normal brain development.