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Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Fabrication and Characterization of Optical Tissue Phantoms Containing Macrostructure
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Reproducibility of identical solid phantoms.

Fangzhou Zhao1,2, Pietro Levoni1, Lorenzo Frabasile1

  • 1Politecnico di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, Milano, Italy.

Journal of Biomedical Optics
|February 3, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

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Highly reproducible solid phantoms are crucial for diffuse optics. Epoxy-resin phantoms demonstrate excellent fabrication consistency across different batches and instruments, meeting critical industrial and clinical needs.

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Optics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Tissue-like solid phantoms are essential for diffuse optics applications.
  • Standardized phantoms ensure reliable instrumentation assessment and interlaboratory comparisons.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the reproducibility of fabricating homogeneous solid phantoms using epoxy-resin and silicone matrices.
  • To compare phantom fabrication consistency across different batches and measurement instruments.

Main Methods:

  • Fabricated two batches of epoxy-resin and silicone phantoms.
  • Utilized three different instruments for time-resolved diffuse spectroscopy (540-1100 nm).
  • Evaluated intra- and interbatch variability using coefficient of variation (CV) for optical properties.

Main Results:

Keywords:
instrument comparisonphantom reproducibilitytime-resolved diffuse opticstissue-like solid phantoms

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  • Instrument precision was high (<2% CV for repeated measurements).
  • Epoxy-resin phantoms showed excellent reproducibility, matching instrument precision.
  • Silicone phantoms exhibited higher variability (up to 5% CV for reduced scattering).

Conclusions:

  • Solid phantom fabrication, particularly with epoxy-resin, is highly reproducible.
  • Consistent phantom properties are achievable across different batches and measurement instruments.
  • Epoxy-resin phantoms are suitable for standardization in diffuse optics.