Electrochemical degradation of azo dye using granular activated carbon electrodes loaded with bimetallic oxides

The performance of granular activated carbon (GAC) loaded with different combinations of Fe, Co, Ni, Mn, and Ti was examined for the electrochemical degradation of an azo dye such as acid red B (AR-B). Among the bimetallic groups, the combination of Fe and Co exhibited the best degradation effect. X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy revealed that the morphology of the catalyst is CoFe₂O₄, and scanning electron microscopy manifested that the catalyst is distributed on the GAC surface and holes. The initial pH, hydraulic retention time, and current intensively affected the decolourisation and degradation efficiencies of AR-B, while the electrolyte types and concentrations did not exert any considerable effect. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy indicated that strong signals of hydroxyl radicals are produced by the Fe-Co/GAC electrodes. Results from fluorescence spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry suggested that hydroxyl radicals preferentially attack azo bonds during the degradation of AR-B, forming a series of compounds, and these compounds are finally degraded into small molecules of organic acids, carbon dioxide, and water.