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Related Concept Videos

Shock Waves01:16

Shock Waves

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While deriving the Doppler formula for the observed frequency of a sound wave, it is assumed that the speed of sound in the medium is greater than the source's speed through it. When this condition is breached, a shock wave occurs.
When the source's speed approaches the speed of sound, constructive interference between successive wavefronts emitted by the source occurs immediately behind it. Initially, scientists believed that this constructive interference would result in such high...
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Speed of Sound in Solids and Liquids00:51

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Most solids and liquids are incompressible—their densities remain constant throughout. In the presence of an external force, the molecules tend to restore to their original positions, which is only possible because the constituents interact. The interactions help the constituents pass on information about external disturbances, like sound waves. Therefore, sound waves travel faster through these media. Compared to solids, the constituents in a liquid are less tightly bound. Thus, sound...
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Deriving the Speed of Sound in a Liquid01:09

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As with waves on a string, the speed of sound or a mechanical wave in a fluid depends on the fluid's elastic modulus and inertia. The two relevant physical quantities are the bulk modulus and the density of the material. Indeed, it turns out that the relationship between speed and the bulk modulus and density in fluids is the same as that between the speed and the Young's modulus and density in solids.
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Sound Waves: Interference00:53

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Sound waves can be modeled either as longitudinal waves, wherein the molecules of the medium oscillate around an equilibrium position, or as pressure waves. When two identical waves from the same source superimpose on each other, the combination of two crests or two troughs results in amplitude reinforcement known as constructive interference. If two identical waves, that are initially in phase, become out of phase because of different path lengths, the combination of crests with troughs...
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The Quantum-Mechanical Model of an Atom02:45

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Shortly after de Broglie published his ideas that the electron in a hydrogen atom could be better thought of as being a circular standing wave instead of a particle moving in quantized circular orbits, Erwin Schrödinger extended de Broglie’s work by deriving what is now known as the Schrödinger equation. When Schrödinger applied his equation to hydrogen-like atoms, he was able to reproduce Bohr’s expression for the energy and, thus, the Rydberg formula governing hydrogen spectra.
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Speed of Sound in Gases01:08

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The speed of sound in a gaseous medium depends on various factors. Since gases constitute molecules that are free to move, they are highly compressible. Hence, sound waves travel slowly through gases. Thermodynamics helps us understand the relationship between pressure, volume, and temperature of gases, thus, the speed of sound in an ideal gas can be determined using the laws of thermodynamics. At the same time, Newton's laws of motion and the continuity equation of fluid dynamics also come...
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Scalable Quantum Integrated Circuits on Superconducting Two-Dimensional Electron Gas Platform
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Second sound attenuation near quantum criticality.

Xi Li1,2,3, Xiang Luo1,2,3, Shuai Wang1,2,3

  • 1Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Department of Modern Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|February 3, 2022
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Summary

Researchers observed second sound attenuation in a homogeneous Fermi gas of lithium-6 atoms. This finding is crucial for understanding superfluidity and critical phenomena near quantum criticality.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Gases
  • Superfluidity

Background:

  • Second sound attenuation is a key phenomenon in superfluids, essential for understanding superfluidity and critical phenomena.
  • Studying homogeneous Fermi gases at unitarity provides insights into universal quantum critical behavior.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To observe and characterize second sound attenuation in a homogeneous Fermi gas of lithium-6 atoms at unitarity.
  • To investigate the temperature dependence of second sound diffusivity and thermal conductivity.
  • To explore critical phenomena and quantum criticality in this system.

Main Methods:

  • Bragg spectroscopy with high energy resolution was employed.
  • Measurements were conducted in the long-wavelength limit.
  • The experiment focused on a homogeneous Fermi gas of lithium-6 atoms at unitarity.

Main Results:

  • Second sound attenuation was successfully observed.
  • The temperature dependence of second sound diffusivity and thermal conductivity was obtained.
  • A precursor to critical divergence was observed in both properties around 0.95 of the superfluid transition temperature.
  • The unitary Fermi gas exhibits a larger critical region compared to liquid helium.

Conclusions:

  • The observed phenomena provide insights into the critical behavior of unitary Fermi gases.
  • The results suggest a significantly larger critical region in unitary Fermi gases than in liquid helium.
  • This study lays the groundwork for determining universal critical scaling functions near quantum criticality.