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Related Concept Videos

Transcription01:17

Transcription

25.0K
Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from a DNA sequence by RNA polymerase. It is the first step in producing a protein from a gene sequence. Additionally, many other proteins and regulatory sequences are involved in correctly synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA). Transcriptional regulation is responsible for the differentiation of different types of cells and often for the proper cellular response to environmental signals.
Transcription Can Produce Different Kinds of RNA Molecules
In eukaryotes,...
25.0K
RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins02:36

RNA Polymerase II Accessory Proteins

9.7K
Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
9.7K
General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

5.7K
Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
5.7K
Combinatorial Gene Control02:33

Combinatorial Gene Control

8.5K
Combinatorial gene control is the synergistic action of several transcriptional factors to regulate the expression of a single gene. The absence of one or more of these factors may lead to a significant difference in the level of gene expression or repression.
The expression of more than 30,000 genes is controlled by approximately 2000-3000 transcription factors. This is possible because a single transcription factor can recognize more than one regulatory sequence. The specificity in gene...
8.5K
DNA Packaging00:58

DNA Packaging

107.5K
Overview
107.5K
Structure of a Gene01:30

Structure of a Gene

13.9K
A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
However, only 1% of the DNA is composed of genes that encode proteins; the rest, 99% is non-coding DNA. This non-coding DNA performs...
13.9K

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Genome organization controls transcriptional dynamics during development.

Philippe J Batut1, Xin Yang Bing1, Zachary Sisco1

  • 1Lewis-Sigler Institute for Integrative Genomics, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.

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|February 3, 2022
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Summary

Genome organization in Drosophila relies on tethering elements and insulators for precise Hox gene regulation. This two-tiered system ensures accurate gene activation and developmental patterning.

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Conflicting evidence exists regarding genome organization's role in gene regulation.
  • Understanding the precise mechanisms of gene control during development is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of genome organization in regulating gene activity in Drosophila.
  • To elucidate the function of tethering elements and insulators in transcriptional regulation.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution chromosome conformation capture analysis.
  • Quantitative live imaging.
  • Targeted genome editing in Drosophila.

Main Results:

  • The Drosophila genome is organized by tethering elements and insulators.
  • This organization is essential for the temporal dynamics of Hox gene transcription.
  • Tethering elements facilitate long-range enhancer-promoter interactions and rapid gene activation.
  • Topologically associating domain (TAD) boundaries prevent unintended regulatory interactions.

Conclusions:

  • A two-tiered genome organization system, involving tethering elements and insulators, precisely controls Hox gene transcription dynamics.
  • This independent regulation ensures reliable developmental patterning processes.