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Clinical update on COVID-19 for the emergency clinician: Presentation and evaluation

Brit Long1, Brandon M Carius2, Summer Chavez3

  • 1SAUSHEC, Emergency Medicine, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, TX, USA.

The American Journal of Emergency Medicine
|February 5, 2022
PubMed

Insights

This review updates emergency clinicians on Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) presentation and evaluation. It covers variants like Delta and Omicron, common symptoms, severe complications, and diagnostic tools for effective patient management.

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Virology

Background:

  • Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has led to global morbidity and mortality.
  • New variants, including Delta and Omicron, exhibit increased infectivity and impact patient outcomes.
  • While most COVID-19 cases are mild, a significant number of patients, particularly older individuals and those with comorbidities, experience critical illness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide emergency clinicians with a focused update on the clinical presentation of COVID-19.
  • To outline current evaluation strategies for patients with COVID-19 in emergency settings.
  • To highlight key diagnostic and prognostic tools relevant to emergency care.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on COVID-19 presentation and evaluation.
  • Focus on emergency department (ED) specific diagnostic and prognostic approaches.
  • Inclusion of information on various SARS-CoV-2 variants and their clinical implications.

Main Results:

  • Common symptoms include upper respiratory issues, fever, and sensory changes.
  • Extrapulmonary complications can affect cardiovascular, neurologic, gastrointestinal, and dermatologic systems.
  • ED evaluation involves targeted COVID-19 testing, end-organ injury assessment, and judicious use of imaging (radiography, CT, ultrasound).

Conclusions:

  • Emergency clinicians require up-to-date knowledge on COVID-19 presentation and evaluation.
  • Risk scores can aid prognostication but should complement clinical judgment.
  • Comprehensive assessment is crucial for managing diverse COVID-19 presentations and complications.
Abstract

Keywords:
COVID-19Coronavirus-2019SARS-CoV-2Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2

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