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Limonene and linalool hydroperoxides review: Pros and cons for routine patch testing.

Isabel A Ogueta1,2, Johanna Brared Christensson3, Elena Giménez-Arnau4

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Summary

Oxidized fragrance terpenes limonene and linalool (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs) cause frequent dermatitis reactions. Patch testing with these oxidized compounds may be warranted due to high positive reaction rates in patients.

Keywords:
allergic contact dermatitishydroperoxideslimonenelinaloolpatch test

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Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Allergology
  • Fragrance Chemistry

Background:

  • Limonene and linalool are common fragrance ingredients that can oxidize into hydroperoxides (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs).
  • These oxidized compounds are known to cause allergic contact dermatitis, indicated by frequent positive patch test reactions.
  • Despite their prevalence and allergenic potential, Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs are not routinely included in standard patch testing protocols in Europe.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the necessity and challenges of patch testing with oxidized limonene and linalool (Lim-OOHs, Lin-OOHs).
  • To assess the relevance and interpretation of hydroperoxide patch test results.
  • To determine if current patch testing practices for these common fragrance allergens are adequate.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing studies on patch testing with Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs.
  • Analysis of reported positive reaction rates in patients with dermatitis.
  • Examination of challenges in reading and interpreting patch test results, including doubtful or irritant reactions.

Main Results:

  • Studies show high percentages of positive patch test reactions to oxidized limonene and linalool in consecutively tested patients.
  • A correlation between positive clinical history and strong patch test reactions to these hydroperoxides has been observed.
  • Difficulties with interpreting doubtful or irritant reactions have been reported, alongside relevant positive findings.

Conclusions:

  • The frequent and relevant positive reactions suggest that patch testing with Lim-OOHs 0.3% and Lin-OOHs 1% may be justified for inclusion in baseline series.
  • Further research is needed to determine exposure, sensitization, and elicitation limits for Lim-OOHs and Lin-OOHs in consumer products.
  • Improved clinical assessment can be achieved by evaluating prior exposure, potential sensitization, and observed reactions to these oxidized fragrance compounds.