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Muscles that Move the Leg01:23

Muscles that Move the Leg

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The movement of the legs is facilitated by numerous muscles located within the anterior, medial, and posterior compartments of the thigh.
Anterior Compartment
The quadriceps femoris, the most visible muscle of the anterior compartment, is integral for leg extension and thigh flexion. It is formed by merging four distinct muscles — the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and rectus femoris. The quadriceps tendon, a shared tendon of the four quadriceps muscles, is affixed...
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Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

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The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
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Knee Joint01:23

Knee Joint

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The knee joint is the most complicated joint in the body. It consists of three articulations– two tibiofemoral and one patellofemoral. As is characteristic of synovial joints, the knee joint has a thin articular capsule that partially surrounds this joint cavity. Additionally, several ligaments, muscles, and cartilaginous structures support the movement of the knee.
A total of seven ligaments support the knee joint. The patellar ligament, which is also attached to the quadriceps femoris...
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Ankle Joint01:10

Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Muscles that Move the Thigh01:20

Muscles that Move the Thigh

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The thigh's motion is primarily governed by muscles originating in the pelvic girdle and inserted into the femur. One crucial muscle, the iliopsoas, is a combination of the psoas major and the iliacus muscles, sharing a common insertion point on the lesser trochanter of the femur.
Three other significant muscles are the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus. The gluteus maximus originates from the posterior surface of the ilium, sacrum, and coccyx, and the thoracolumbar...
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment includes muscles that contribute to the dorsiflexion of the foot. This compartment houses the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles....
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Tibial External Rotation Test for Patellar Instability.

Bertram Zarins1

  • 1Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.

The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery. American Volume
|February 5, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The tibial external rotation test (TERT) is a new physical exam maneuver that can reproduce lateral patellar subluxation. This test helps diagnose patellar instability and guide surgical decisions.

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • Current physical examination tests lack the ability to dynamically assess patellar instability.
  • The influence of tibial rotation on patellar tracking is not well-reproduced in existing clinical assessments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and describe the tibial external rotation test (TERT) as a novel physical examination method.
  • To demonstrate TERT's capability in reproducing lateral patellar subluxation and assessing patellar instability.

Main Methods:

  • The TERT involves externally rotating the tibia with the knee flexed at 90° and having the patient extend against resistance.
  • The test assesses changes in patellar stability with varying tibial rotation and an increased quadriceps angle (Q-angle).

Main Results:

  • The TERT successfully reproduced lateral patellar subluxation in patients with patellar instability.
  • The test demonstrated differential patellar stability based on tibial rotation, indicating its diagnostic utility.

Conclusions:

  • The tibial external rotation test (TERT) is a valuable provocative maneuver for diagnosing lateral patellar subluxation.
  • TERT can simulate the biomechanical effects of tibial tubercle medialization on patellar tracking.