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Production Efficiency01:01

Production Efficiency

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Net production efficiency (NPE) is the efficiency at which organisms assimilate energy into biomass for the next trophic level. Due to low metabolic rates and less energy spent on thermoregulatory processes, the NPE of ectotherms (cold-blooded animals) is 10 times higher than endotherms (warm-blooded animals).
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Radical Formation: Abstraction00:47

Radical Formation: Abstraction

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The electron of an atom can be abstracted from a compound by a relatively unstable radical to generate a new radical of relatively greater stability. For example, an initiator which forms radicals by homolysis can abstract a suitable species like a hydrogen atom or a halogen atom from a compound to generate a new radical. This ability of radicals to propagate by abstraction is a crucial feature of radical chain reactions.
Even though homolysis produces radicals, it is different from radical...
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Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

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A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
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Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

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The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
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Production of Formed Elements01:34

Production of Formed Elements

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Hemangioblasts are multipotent stem cells originating from the mesoderm. They give rise to hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), which undergo hematopoiesis to produce all the formed elements of blood. This process is regulated by a complex network of hematopoietic growth factors, including transcription factors, growth factors, and cytokines. These factors stimulate the HSCs to divide and differentiate, though some HSCs remain undifferentiated to maintain a self-renewing pool.
Most HSCs commit to...
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Social Exchange Theory01:26

Social Exchange Theory

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As formulated by John Thibaut and Harold Kelley, Social Exchange Theory explains human relationships as economic-like exchanges that maximize rewards and minimize costs. This theory suggests that individuals engage in relationships to gain benefits and reduce burdens, similar to economic transactions. It has been widely applied to various types of relationships, including romantic, professional, and social interactions.Rewards and Costs in RelationshipsRelationship rewards include emotional...
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Updated: Oct 4, 2025

A Robotic Platform for High-throughput Protoplast Isolation and Transformation
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Co-production: a kind revolution.

Sophie Staniszewska1, Gary Hickey2, Pippa Coutts3

  • 1Warwick Research in Nursing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK. sophie.staniszewska@warwick.ac.uk.

Research Involvement and Engagement
|February 6, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Co-production in research, where public contributors and researchers work as equals, faces challenges but is vital for public health. Addressing power dynamics and fostering a kinder research culture are key to making it standard practice.

Keywords:
Co-productionKindnessPatient and public involvement

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Area of Science:

  • Health Services Research
  • Public and Patient Involvement in Research

Background:

  • A meeting convened by Carnegie UK (CUK) and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) INVOLVE focused on the co-production of research.
  • The event brought together public contributors and research organization representatives to discuss practical implementation and barriers to co-production.
  • Co-production aims to foster equal collaboration between the public and researchers in the research process.

Discussion:

  • Challenges remain in establishing co-production as 'business as usual' in research.
  • The need for a compelling 'business case' to advocate for co-production was highlighted.
  • Discussions addressed power dynamics within research and the importance of creating supportive conditions for collaboration.

Key Insights:

  • Co-production requires a cultural shift towards a kinder research environment focused on relationship development.
  • Sufficient time is essential for high-quality, honest conversations that acknowledge power imbalances.
  • Co-production is viewed as a societal good that enhances public well-being through collaborative research.

Outlook:

  • Universities' broader civic roles can support the normalization of co-production.
  • The COVID-19 pandemic may prompt more radical rethinking of research collaboration methods.
  • Moving forward requires recognizing co-production as an ongoing journey with potential for innovation.