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Updated: Oct 4, 2025
Comparative Analysis of Lower Limb Kinematics between the Initial and Terminal Phase of 5km Treadmill Running
Published on: July 17, 2020
Influence of hamstring flexibility on running kinematics in adolescent long-distance runners
Micah C Garcia1, Anne Lennon2, David M Bazett-Jones3
1Division of Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; College of Health and Human Services, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
Background:
Studies have found no or minimal differences in running kinematics between flexible and inflexible adult runners. The interaction between hamstring flexibility and running kinematics has not been reported in adolescent long-distance runners.
Research Question:
Does hamstring flexibility influence running kinematics in adolescent long-distance runners?
Methods:
Adolescent long-distance runners (n = 140, ages 9-19) were enrolled in our cross-sectional study. Hamstring flexibility was assessed with the forward bending Beighton task. Runners were categorized if they tested positive or negative on the forward bending task. Participants ran at a comfortable self-selected speed on a treadmill. Runners who tested positive on the forward bending task (n = 17) were matched with runners who tested negative on the task (n = 17) according to sex, physical maturation, and running speed. Statistical parametric mapping compared trunk, pelvis, hip, and knee kinematic waveforms throughout the gait cycle and independent sample t tests compared temporal-spatial parameters between the groups.
Results:
Runners who tested positive on the forward bending task demonstrated significantly greater anterior pelvic tilt during stance (average difference = 4.8° ± 0.4°, p < .001) and swing (average difference = 4.3° ± 0.2°, p < .01) compared to runners who tested negative on the forward bending task. No significant differences were found between groups for the remaining kinematic waveforms or for any temporal-spatial parameters (p > .05).
Significance:
This is the first study to report the interaction between hamstring flexibility and running kinematics in adolescent long-distance runners. The greater anterior pelvic tilt demonstrated by runners with greater hamstring flexibility may place more eccentric demands on the hamstring musculature. However, as there were no other differences in joint kinematics or temporal-spatial parameters between groups, greater hamstring flexibility does not appear to have a significant interaction with running kinematics when running at sub-maximal speeds. Our results suggest hamstring flexibility does not predispose adolescent long-distance runners to sub-optimal segment positions associated with running-related injuries.
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