Gut Microbiome Alterations in Patients With Visceral Obesity Based on Quantitative Computed Tomography

The gut microbiota is crucial in the pathogenesis of obesity. Abdominal obesity is known to significantly increase the risk of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease, so further study is needed to investigate the changes of intestinal microorganisms in patients with excessive visceral fat. In our study, 41 people (n = 41) with normal body mass index (BMI) (18.5 ≤ BMI < 23.9) were included and divided into the low visceral fat area (L-VFA) group (n = 23, VFA < 100 cm²) and the high visceral fat area (H-VFA) group (n = 18, VFA ≥ 100 cm²). Several clinical indicators of the H-VFA group were significantly higher than those of the L-VFA group, including the waist circumference (WC), the fasting blood glucose (FBG), the triglyceride (TG), the total cholesterol (TC), the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), the serum uric acid (SUA), the white blood cell count (WBC), the blood neutrophil count (NEC), and the blood lymphocyte count (LYC). Using whole-genome shotgun sequencing, we found that the types of the intestinal microbiota of H-VFA patients were different from those of the L-VFA patients, with 18 bacteria enriched in the H-VFA group and nine bacteria in the L-VFA group. A total of 16 species of gut microbes showed a strong correlation with VFA, and Escherichia coli has the strongest correlation, followed by Mitsuokella unclassified, Bifidobacterium longum, Escherichia unclassified, Ruminococcus torques, Dialister succinatiphilus, Eubacterium hallii, and Ruminococcus gnavus. Compared to the VFA, only two species show a strong correlation with BMI and WC. Further functional genetic studies suggested that the degradation of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the generation of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) might be related to visceral fat accumulation. Together, visceral fat was more closely correlated with the gut microbiome compared with BMI and WC. It suggested an intrinsic connection between the gut microbiome and visceral fat and its related metabolic disorders. Specific microbial species and pathways associated with visceral fat accumulation might contribute to new targeted therapies for visceral fat and its metabolic disorders.