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Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Characterization of the Sense of Agency over the Actions of Neural-machine Interface-operated Prostheses
Published on: January 7, 2019
Group differences in agency modulate error monitoring
Elizabeth A Bauer1, Annmarie MacNamara1
1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.
Abstract:
Mistakes can lead to aversive outcomes. Error monitoring may help prevent mistakes, but it might be maladaptive for individuals who lack control over aversive outcomes, as it consumes cognitive processing resources that could be allocated elsewhere. Here, we examined the effect of agency (i.e., control over punishment) on error monitoring using the error-related negativity (ERN), an event-related potential measure of error monitoring and error rate. Ninety unselected participants performed a flanker task in which they were shocked according to their own errors (controllable punishment, n = 47) or were shocked in accordance with another participant's errors (uncontrollable punishment, n = 43). Participants without agency over punishment showed smaller ERNs and higher error rates compared with participants with agency. Furthermore, punishment only reduced error rates for participants with agency. Together, these results provide the first experimental evidence that agency modulates error monitoring and suggest an adaptive process in which error monitoring is increased/decreased depending on its utility.
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