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Related Concept Videos

The Nitrogen Cycle01:49

The Nitrogen Cycle

55.0K
Nitrogen atoms, present in all proteins and DNA, are recycled between abiotic and biotic components of the ecosystem. However, the primary form of nitrogen on Earth is nitrogen gas, which cannot be used by most animals and plants. Thus, nitrogen gas must first be converted into a usable form by nitrogen-fixing bacteria before it can be cycled through other living organisms. The use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers and animal waste products in human agriculture has greatly influenced the...
55.0K
Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism01:20

Overview of Nitrogen Metabolism

9.3K
Nitrogen is a very important element for life because it is a major constituent of proteins and nucleic acids. It is a macronutrient, and in nature, it is recycled from organic compounds and stored in the form of  ammonia, ammonium ions, nitrate, nitrite, or  nitrogen gas by many metabolic processes. Many of these metabolic processes are carried out only by prokaryotes.
The largest pool of nitrogen available in the terrestrial ecosystem is gaseous nitrogen (N2) from the air, but this...
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Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation01:22

Inorganic Nitrogen Assimilation

144
Nitrogen is an essential element in biological systems, forming a crucial component of proteins, nucleic acids, and other cellular constituents. Many bacteria and archaea acquire nitrogen in the form of nitrate (NO₃⁻) or ammonia (NH₃), which are then assimilated into biomolecules through specific enzymatic pathways.Assimilatory Nitrate ReductionWhen nitrate enters the cell, it undergoes a two-step reduction process known as assimilatory nitrate reduction. Initially, the enzyme...
144
Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs01:15

Metabolism of Chemolithotrophs

276
Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
276
Primary Production01:06

Primary Production

24.2K
The total amount of energy acquired by primary producers in an ecosystem is called gross primary production (GPP). However, of this energy, producers use some for metabolic processes, and some is lost as heat, decreasing the amount of energy available to the next trophic level. The remaining usable amount of energy is called the net primary productivity (NPP). In terrestrial ecosystems, NPP is driven by climate, while light penetration and nutrient availability drive NPP in aquatic ecosystems.
24.2K
What are Biogeochemical Cycles?00:54

What are Biogeochemical Cycles?

35.1K
The most common elements in organic molecules, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus, are only available in the ecosystem in limited amounts. Therefore, these nutrients must be recycled through both biotic and abiotic components of the ecosystem, in processes generally called biogeochemical cycles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O

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The marine nitrogen cycle: new developments and global change.

David A Hutchins1, Douglas G Capone2

  • 1Marine and Environmental Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. dahutch@usc.edu.

Nature Reviews. Microbiology
|February 8, 2022
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Summary

Marine microbes drive the ocean

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The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations
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Measurement of the Potential Rates of Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction to Ammonium Based on 14NH4+/15NH4+ Analyses via Sequential Conversion to N2O
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The Benthic Exchange of O2, N2 and Dissolved Nutrients Using Small Core Incubations
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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbiology
  • Biogeochemical cycles
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • The ocean hosts diverse microbes essential for nitrogen cycling.
  • Nitrogen cycle processes include fixation, assimilation, nitrification, and loss.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Review recent advances in ocean nitrogen cycle research.
  • Integrate findings from metaproteomics to global modeling.
  • Highlight impacts of anthropogenic change on marine nitrogen cycling.

Main Methods:

  • Metaproteomics
  • Global biogeochemical modeling
  • Analysis of diverse marine environments

Main Results:

  • Discovery of new microbial groups and metabolic pathways.
  • Novel conceptual perspectives and analytical techniques.
  • Significant impacts of ocean warming, acidification, and deoxygenation on nitrogen transformations.

Conclusions:

  • Anthropogenic changes profoundly affect marine microbial nitrogen cycling.
  • Ocean deoxygenation is a critical factor impacting microbial processes.
  • Understanding these changes is vital for predicting greenhouse gas feedbacks in the Anthropocene.