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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...
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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
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The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
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All blood and immune cells are produced from the multipotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) by the process of hematopoiesis. However, they all have a limited life span. In addition, many are depleted in immune surveillance or combatting an injury or infection. This makes blood one of the most regenerative tissues. Hematopoiesis helps replenish these blood and immune cells, restoring the body's normal functioning. However, overproduction of blood and immune cells can make them cancerous or...
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Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012...
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CGRP: A New Endogenous Cell Stemness Maintenance Molecule.

Xiaoting Lv1, Qingquan Chen2, Shuyu Zhang3

  • 1Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Research Laboratory of the Respiratory System Diseases, 1st Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, China.

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Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) may regulate stem cell self-replication and differentiation. This review explores CGRP

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Area of Science:

  • Stem cell biology
  • Neuroendocrinology
  • Molecular genetics

Background:

  • Stem cells possess self-replication and multidirectional differentiation capabilities, yet the underlying regulatory mechanisms remain largely unknown.
  • The 2021 Nobel Prize highlighted the TRPV1-calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) pathway, a focus in clinical applications and research.
  • CGRP gene regulation is complex, involving methylation and other modifications, making it a challenging yet significant research area.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent research on the biological effects of CGRP concerning stem cell stemness.
  • To investigate the potential role of the TRPV1-neuropeptide-CGRP pathway in stem cell self-replication and differentiation.
  • To explore CGRP as a potential endogenous switch for regulating cell stemness.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating CGRP's effects on stem cells.
  • Analysis of research linking CGRP to tumor stem cell migration and differentiation.
  • Examination of studies on TRPV1 modulation and CGRP inhibition in relation to metabolism and longevity.

Main Results:

  • Emerging evidence suggests CGRP is involved in tumor stem cell migration and differentiation.
  • CGRP gene expression modulation in stem cells may influence stem cell niches.
  • Potential links between TRPV1-neuropeptide-CGRP pathway and stem cell behavior are being explored.

Conclusions:

  • CGRP emerges as a significant factor in regulating stem cell properties, potentially acting as an endogenous switch.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate the direct and indirect roles of the TRPV1-CGRP pathway in stem cell fate.
  • Understanding CGRP's function could offer novel therapeutic strategies targeting stemness and related diseases.