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Children master language quickly and with relative ease, supported by both biological predisposition and reinforcement. B. F. Skinner (1957) proposed that language is learned through reinforcement, while Noam Chomsky (1965) argued that language acquisition mechanisms are biologically determined.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Examining Online Syntactic Processing of Spoken Complex Sentences in Chinese Using Dual-Modal Interference Tasks
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Simulating background settings during spoken and written sentence comprehension.

Oleksandr V Horchak1, Margarida Vaz Garrido2

  • 1Iscte-Instituto Universitário de Lisboa, Cis-Iscte, Av. das Forças Armadas, 1649-026, Lisbon, Portugal. Oleksandr.Horchak@iscte-iul.pt.

Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
|February 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Readers simulate lighting conditions when processing sentences, not just object details. This visual simulation is specific to the object, not the background setting.

Keywords:
Background settingsEmbodied cognitionLanguage comprehensionLightVisual simulation

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Visual Cognition

Background:

  • Sentence comprehension involves simulating described attributes.
  • The extent of visual simulation, including environmental aspects like lighting, is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether language comprehension involves simulating the lighting conditions of a described scene.
  • To determine if this simulation is object- or background-dependent.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments (N=412) using a sentence-picture verification task.
  • Participants listened to or read sentences describing objects and lighting, then verified matching/mismatching pictures.
  • Visual noise was introduced in one experiment to test interference effects.

Main Results:

  • Shorter response times (RTs) when picture lighting matched sentence-implied lighting.
  • Visual noise disrupted simulation, leading to faster responses on mismatching trials.
  • Simulation effects were localized to the target object's lighting, not the background.

Conclusions:

  • Language comprehension involves simulating specific visual details, including lighting.
  • This simulation is object-centric, not a general scene simulation.
  • Findings support embodied and situated cognition theories.