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Related Concept Videos

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COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
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Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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Nuclear protein sorting is the selective trafficking of histones, polymerases, gene regulatory proteins into the nucleus and exporting RNAs and ribosomes to the cytosol. It is a tightly controlled process that regulates gene expression within a cell.
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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Preparing Protein Producing Synthetic Cells using Cell Free Bacterial Extracts, Liposomes and Emulsion Transfer
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DNA-Mediated Protein Shuttling between Coacervate-Based Artificial Cells.

Tsuyoshi Mashima1,2, Marleen H M E van Stevendaal1, Femke R A Cornelissens1

  • 1Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|February 8, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Researchers engineered artificial cells that release proteins on command using DNA signals. This breakthrough enables controlled protein delivery and communication between synthetic cells.

Keywords:
CoacervatesDNAProteinsSupramolecular SignallingSynthetic Cells

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Chemical engineering

Background:

  • Protein uptake and secretion are vital for cellular communication.
  • Engineering synthetic cells requires mimicking these biological processes.
  • Controlling protein release from synthetic cells upon external triggers is a key challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an artificial cell system for triggered protein sequestration and release.
  • To utilize single-stranded DNA oligos (ssDNA) as a molecular code for protein control.
  • To enable precise regulation of protein release dynamics and inter-cellular communication.

Main Methods:

  • Development of artificial cells capable of encapsulating protein cargo.
  • Modification of proteins with ssDNA for targeted localization.
  • Application of coded ssDNA signals to trigger protein release.
  • Demonstration of sequential and regulated protein release.
  • Engineering directional protein transfer between artificial cell populations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved independent control over the localization of three different ssDNA-modified proteins.
  • Demonstrated multiple iterations of triggered protein uptake and release.
  • Successfully regulated the amount and rate of protein release.
  • Showcased sequential release of different protein cargoes.
  • Established directional protein transfer between two artificial cell populations.

Conclusions:

  • The developed artificial cell system effectively uses ssDNA as a molecular code for precise protein release.
  • This platform offers unprecedented control over protein dynamics in synthetic cells.
  • The technology opens new avenues for engineering communication pathways in artificial cellular structures.