2D Heterostructures for Ubiquitous Electronics and Optoelectronics: Principles, Opportunities, and Challenges

Area of Science:

• Materials Science
• Condensed Matter Physics
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Extensive research has led to the discovery of numerous two-dimensional (2D) materials and heterostructures.
• These materials provide fundamental platforms for exploring physical and chemical properties at micro-nano-pico scales.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advances in 2D materials and heterostructures.
• To highlight the role of fabrication methods, characterization techniques, and physical parameters in 2D heterostructure quality.
• To discuss the quantum mechanical responses and applications of 2D heterostructures and hybrid systems.

Main Methods:

• Review of experimental and theoretical efforts in 2D material discovery.
• Analysis of chemical and physical engineering methods for heterostructure fabrication.
• Examination of characterization techniques for assessing 2D material quality.

Main Results:

• Engineering of 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures enables exotic carrier dynamics.
• Focus on 2D heterostructures and 3D-bulk (3D) hybrid systems exhibiting quantum mechanical responses (optical, valley, topological).
• Demonstrated potential in high-frequency electronics, broadband optoelectronics, neuromorphic computing, and ubiquitous electronics.

Conclusions:

• 2D heterostructures are crucial for future electronics and optoelectronics (FEO).
• Discussion of universality, applications, and future trends considering physical, nanotechnological, and material synthesis challenges and opportunities.