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3D Printed Composite Scaffolds in Bone Tissue Engineering: A Systematic Review.

Sadra Mohaghegh1, Seyedeh Fatemeh Hosseini1, Maryam Rezai Rad2

  • 1Student Research Committee, School of Dentistry, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Current Stem Cell Research & Therapy
|February 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

Fabrication methods and materials significantly impact 3D printed composite scaffolds. High ceramic content doesn't always ensure optimal biological or physico-chemical properties for bone regeneration.

Keywords:
Biocompatible materialscomputer-aided designprinted scaffolds compositesthree-dimensional printingtissue engineeringtissue scaffolds

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Engineering
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Additive Manufacturing

Background:

  • 3D printed composite scaffolds are crucial for tissue regeneration.
  • Understanding fabrication impacts on scaffold properties is essential for optimizing bone formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze how fabrication factors influence the biological and physico-chemical properties of 3D printed composite scaffolds.
  • To identify optimal material compositions and fabrication methods for enhanced scaffold performance.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature review following PRISMA guidelines in PubMed and Scopus databases.
  • Inclusion of studies on composite scaffolds fabricated via computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CADCAM)-based methods.
  • Exclusion of articles on indirectly fabricated scaffolds.

Main Results:

  • Polycaprolactone (PCL) and hydroxyapatite (HA) were the most common materials.
  • Solvent-based techniques facilitated high ceramic content blends.
  • Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was the predominant fabrication method.
  • Bio-ceramic addition improved mechanical and biological properties, but high ceramic ratios were not always optimal.

Conclusions:

  • Pre-printing factors (materials, composition, fabrication) significantly affect scaffold behavior.
  • High mineral content scaffolds may not be ideal for bone formation.
  • Future research should explore diverse biomaterials over varying ratios of a single material.