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Related Concept Videos

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

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The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
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The ulna and radius are parallel bones of the antebrachium or the forearm. The ulna lies medially and consists of a bony tip called the olecranon process at its proximal end. This hook-like projection articulates with the olecranon fossa of the humerus and forms the "hinged" ulnohumeral part of the elbow joint. This joint facilitates forearm extension and flexion while preventing its hyperextension. Similarly, the coronoid process, another bony projection on the proximal/anterior side...
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The radius is longer of the two bones that make up the human antebrachium or forearm. At the proximal end, the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna to form the elbow joint. At the distal end, the radius articulates with the ulna via the ulnar notch, forming the distal radioulnar joint. Distally, the radius also attaches to the carpal wrist bones (scaphoid and lunate) to form the radiocarpal joint.
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Ankle Joint

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The ankle is formed by the talocrural joint (crural = leg). It consists of the articulations between the talus bone of the foot and the distal ends of the tibia and fibula of the leg. The superior aspect of the talus bone is square-shaped and has three areas of articulation. The top of the talus articulates with the inferior tibia. This is the portion of the ankle joint that carries the body weight between the leg and foot. The sides of the talus are firmly held in position by the articulations...
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Bones of the Upper Limb: Humerus01:19

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The upper limb consists of the arm, forearm, wrist, and hand bones. The humerus is the single bone of the upper arm region. Proximally, it has a large, spherical, smooth head that articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula to form the glenohumeral or shoulder joint. The margin of the head is the anatomical neck, a residual epiphyseal plate. Laterally it extends to form bony projections called the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle. Next to the tubercles is the surgical neck, a...
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Muscles of the Leg that Move the Foot and Toes01:28

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The human leg comprises an intricate system of muscles that facilitate the movement of feet and toes. Within this system, the muscles are categorized into the anterior, lateral, and posterior compartments, each with a unique set of muscles carrying out specific functions.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

An Anatomical Study of Nerves at Risk During Minimally Invasive Hallux Valgus Surgery
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[A boy with an abnormal hallux].

Armelle J A Meershoek1,2, David J G H Roks1, Matthijs P Somford3

  • 1Rijnstate, Arnhem: Afd. Chirurgie.

Nederlands Tijdschrift Voor Geneeskunde
|February 9, 2022
PubMed
Summary

A painful hallux in an 11-year-old boy was initially misdiagnosed. Subsequent evaluation revealed a subungual exostosis, a rare benign bone tumor requiring surgical excision.

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedics
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Ingrown toenails (unguis incarnatus) are common causes of hallux pain.
  • Delayed diagnosis can occur with rare conditions presenting as hallux pain.

Observation:

  • An 11-year-old boy presented with persistent hallux pain after initial ingrown toenail treatment.
  • A benign, hard, round tumor was noted on the lateral side of the nail.
  • X-ray imaging revealed an exostosis beneath the toenail.

Findings:

  • The confirmed diagnosis was subungual exostosis, a rare benign bone tumor.
  • Subungual exostosis frequently affects the hallux.
  • Diagnosis is often delayed due to its uncommon presentation.

Implications:

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  • Early and accurate diagnosis of subungual exostosis is crucial.
  • Radical surgical excision is the recommended treatment for subungual exostosis.
  • This case highlights the importance of considering rare diagnoses in persistent painful conditions.