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Laminins are heterotrimeric proteins with high molecular mass found in the extracellular matrix. Each laminin molecule is composed of three chains, viz. alpha, beta, and gamma, coded by five, four, and three paralogous genes, respectively. Laminins are categories based on the compositions of the three chains.
In humans, the five forms of alpha chains are LAMA 1, LAMA 2, LAMA 3, LAMA 4, and LAMA 5. The four forms of beta chains are LAMB 1, LAMB 2, LAMB 3, and LAMB 4. The three forms of gamma...
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Structural proteins are a category of proteins responsible for functions ranging from cell shape and movement to providing support to major structures such as bones, cartilage, hair, and muscles. This group includes proteins such as collagen, actin, myosin, and keratin.
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In animal cells, the extracellular matrix allows cells within tissues to withstand external stresses and transmits signals from the outside of the cell to the inside. The extracellular matrix is extensive, and its composition varies between different types of tissues. For example, the reticular fibers and ground substance make up the ECM in loose connective tissue, while collagen and bone minerals make up the ECM of bone tissue. 
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Proteins perform many mechanical functions in a cell. These proteins can be classified into two general categories- proteins that generate mechanical forces and proteins that are subjected to mechanical forces. Proteins providing mechanical support to the structure of the cell, such as keratin, are subjected to mechanical force, whereas proteins involved in cell movement and transport of molecules across cell membranes, such as an ion pump, are examples of generating mechanical force. 
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Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation
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Nuclear lamins: Structure and function in mechanobiology.

Amir Vahabikashi1, Stephen A Adam1, Ohad Medalia2

  • 1Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.

APL Bioengineering
|February 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nuclear lamins, essential proteins for nuclear structure, are involved in gene regulation and cell mechanics. Mutations in these proteins cause various laminopathies, including muscular and aging disorders.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Nuclear lamins are type V intermediate filament proteins forming meshworks at the nuclear periphery and nucleoplasm.
  • They interact with numerous nuclear proteins, influencing chromatin organization, gene regulation, nuclear mechanics, and nuclear pore complex organization.
  • Lamins also impact cellular functions like cytoskeleton organization, cell motility, and mechanotransduction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent findings on the structure, organization, and functions of nuclear lamins.
  • To explore the roles of lamins in nuclear and cellular processes.
  • To discuss the association of lamin expression with development, differentiation, and tissue-specific functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent findings on nuclear lamins.
  • Summary of studies on lamin structure and organization.
  • Compilation of research on lamin functions in nuclear and cellular processes.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear lamins are crucial for nuclear shape, size, mechanics, and chromatin organization.
  • They play significant roles in gene regulation, nuclear pore complex organization, and cellular mechanotransduction.
  • Dysregulation of lamins is linked to developmental progression, differentiation, and tissue-specific functions.

Conclusions:

  • Mutations in lamins and associated proteins lead to over 15 human diseases, termed laminopathies.
  • Laminopathies encompass muscular, neurological, metabolic, and premature aging disorders.
  • The precise mechanisms by which lamins contribute to laminopathies remain an active area of research.