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Related Concept Videos

Glucose Transporters01:27

Glucose Transporters

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Glucose transporters facilitate the transport of glucose across the cell membrane. In addition to glucose, some glucose transporters can also aid the movement of other hexoses such as fructose, mannose, and galactose.
Facilitated diffusion-glucose transporters (GLUTs) are encoded by the solute-linked carrier (SLC) family 2, subfamily A gene family, or SLC2A. The 14 GLUT protein members are distributed into three classes:
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Membrane Proteins01:30

Membrane Proteins

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Plasma membranes have integral transmembrane proteins involved in facilitated transport. These proteins are collectively referred to as transport proteins, and they function as either channels for the material or as carriers themselves. Channel proteins have hydrophilic domains exposed to the intracellular and extracellular fluids and a hydrophilic channel through their core that provides a hydrated opening for solutes to pass through the membrane layers. Passage through the channel allows...
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Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane01:28

Protein Translocation Machinery on the ER Membrane

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The translocon complex situated on the ER membrane is the main gateway for the protein secretory pathway. It facilitates the transport of nascent peptides into the ER lumen and their insertion into the ER membrane.
Sec61 protein conducting channel
In eukaryotes, the translocon complex comprises a core heterotrimeric translocator channel called the Sec61 complex. This channel includes three transmembrane proteins, Sec61α, Sec61β, and Sec61γ, and is the largest subunit of the...
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Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER01:27

Post-translational Translocation of Proteins to the RER

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A sizable fraction of proteins destined for ER are first synthesized in the cell cytosol and then transported across the ER membrane–a process called post-translational translocation. Similar to cotranslationally translocated proteins, these proteins also use the Sec translocon complex to enter the ER lumen.
Targeting proteins to the ER
Hsp40 and Hsp70 chaperone molecules bind the translated proteins in the cytosol to prevent their folding. The chaperone binding helps to keep the signal...
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Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine01:26

Glucose Absorption Into the Small Intestine

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Complex carbohydrates consumed cannot be absorbed into the small intestine in their original form. First, they must be hydrolyzed to a monosaccharide form such as glucose or galactose. These monosaccharides are then transported across the intestinal membrane and into the blood via transcellular transport. The intestinal epithelial cells allow the movement of these monosaccharides with a defined 'entry' through membrane transporter proteins present on their apical membrane and...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
08:47

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

Published on: December 7, 2017

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GLUT4 On the move.

Daniel J Fazakerley1, Francoise Koumanov2, Geoffrey D Holman3

  • 1Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome-Medical Research Council Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, U.K.

The Biochemical Journal
|February 11, 2022
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insulin triggers glucose transporter GLUT4 (glucose transporter type 4) to move to cell surfaces in fat and muscle cells. This process occurs in distinct phases, involving rapid bursts and steady-state recycling, crucial for glucose uptake.

Keywords:
GLUT4glucose transportinsulinmembrane trafficmembrane trafficking kineticssignal transduction

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Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins
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Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry
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Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Oct 4, 2025

Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy
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Live Images of GLUT4 Protein Trafficking in Mouse Primary Hypothalamic Neurons Using Deconvolution Microscopy

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Detection of Detergent-sensitive Interactions Between Membrane Proteins
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Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry
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Quantitative Measurement of GLUT4 Translocation to the Plasma Membrane by Flow Cytometry

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Physiology

Background:

  • Insulin is a key hormone regulating glucose metabolism.
  • Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4) is essential for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues.
  • Insulin receptor signaling initiates rapid cellular responses.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the distinct phases of insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation.
  • To identify key molecules involved in activating GLUT4 trafficking steps.
  • To suggest novel approaches for elucidating GLUT4 trafficking mechanisms.

Main Methods:

  • Kinetic studies of GLUT4 translocation.
  • Analysis of insulin signaling pathways.
  • Review of current literature on molecular activators.
  • Proposal of new experimental and phospho-proteomic strategies.

Main Results:

  • Insulin stimulation of GLUT4 translocation occurs in at least two distinct phases: an initial rapid burst and a subsequent steady-state phase.
  • The rapid phase involves GLUT4 delivery from intracellular stores to the plasma membrane.
  • The steady-state phase is characterized by GLUT4 recycling through various subcellular compartments.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the phased nature of GLUT4 translocation is critical for comprehending insulin action.
  • Further research using advanced techniques like phospho-proteomics can uncover novel mechanisms regulating GLUT4 trafficking and insulin sensitivity.