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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Physics
  • High-Energy Physics
  • Quantum Chromodynamics

Background:

  • The size of nucleons and their constituents is fundamental to understanding quark-gluon plasma (QGP) formation and fluctuations in high-energy nuclear collisions.
  • Accurate characterization of the initial state in nucleus-nucleus collisions is vital for interpreting experimental data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the sensitivity of the correlation between anisotropic flow ($v_n^2$) and mean transverse momentum ($p_t$) to nucleon size.
  • To constrain the relevant length scale of nucleons in off-central heavy-ion collisions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing state-of-the-art hydrodynamic simulations of heavy-ion collisions.
  • Analyzing the correlation between anisotropic flow ($v_n^2$) and mean transverse momentum ($p_t$) of hadrons.
  • Comparing theoretical predictions with existing experimental measurements.

Main Results:

  • The $v_n^2$-$p_t$ correlation exhibits unique sensitivity to nucleon size.
  • Experimental data support a nucleon size of approximately 0.5 fm or smaller.
  • This finding has significant implications for global Bayesian analyses of nucleus-nucleus collision data.

Conclusions:

  • Determining nucleon size via heavy-ion collisions offers an independent constraint for initial-state studies.
  • Establishes a crucial link between collective flow data and deep inelastic scattering measurements.
  • Refines our understanding of the fundamental properties of nucleons and their role in QGP dynamics.